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Social Psychology > terms and models - TERM 2 > Flashcards

terms and models - TERM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are attitudes

A

affective: positive or negative feelings
behavioural: tendencies to act towards an object
cognitive: beliefs and thoughts about object

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2
Q

methods to measure attitudes

A

questionnaires, attitude scales (Likert)

covert measures -
observing behaviours
affective measures = implicit association (faster to classify things based on memory)

physiological responses = pupil response, facial EMG (zygomatic major muscle = smiling, corrugated super cilia muscle = frowning)

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3
Q

semantic differentials

A

pp rate attitude object according to pairs of opposing evaluative words

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4
Q

implicit attitudes

A

no conscious attitude and cannot be controlled

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5
Q

explicit attitudes

A

people can report and expression consciously controlled

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6
Q

behavioural approach to how attitudes are formed

A

mere-exposure = tendency to develop positive feelings towards familiar objects
used in advertising (positive attitude when seen 20v5v0 times)
interpersonal attraction (women vote more attractive when seen more - 15v10v5)

evaluative conditioning = pairing new stimulus with positive stimulus = positive attitude
drug rated more highly when paired with positive images
negative attitudes towards energy-dense snacks when paired with info on health consequences

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7
Q

cognitive approach to how attitudes are formed

A

self-perception = form attitudes by observing behaviour and making inferences (attributions)

facial feeback hypothesis = facial activity can influence affective response
funnier cartoons/ less implicit bias when pen in teeth

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8
Q

why do we have attitudes

A

utilitarian/instrumental
ego-defensive
value-expressive
knowledge/ cognitive economy

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9
Q

utilitarian/instrumental

A

attitudes exist because they are useful - avoid punishment and retain awards

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10
Q

ego-defensive

A

helps protect self image

ex: students who received consistent information on them being a serious student = more positive

more negative evaluation > greater message discounting > source derogation (source is stupid)

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11
Q

value-expressive

A

help us express values that are integral to our self-concept

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12
Q

knowledge/ cognitive economy

A

attitudes act as schemas
- save cognitive effort

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13
Q

attitude change

A

modification of an individuals general evaluative perception of a stimulus or set of stimuli

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14
Q

persuasion

A

an active attempt to change a person’s attitude through information

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15
Q

changing behaviour to change attitudes

A

yale approach + ELM (dual-process model) that argues that acceptance of a message can be achieved through central or peripheral routes

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16
Q

prejudice

A

negative evaluation of a social group significantly based on the individual’s group membership

consistent with tri-partite: cognitive, affective, conative (intentions)

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17
Q

changing attitudes through communication - Yale

A

Yale approach -
persuasion characteristics =
source = who is persuading, message = what, audience = to who

SOURCE
attractive sources = persuasion
high credibility sources = persuasion

MESSAGE
fear appeals = persuasive messages to provoke fear - conflicting research

backfire when people feel they are bing controlled = reactance

AUDIENCE
- cognition - audience’s tendency to engage (argument quality = larger persuasion when audience had high cognition)

  • self-monitoring - high self-monitors positively influenced by attractive packaging
  • regulatory focus/fit - promotion (more responsive when stimulus tells u how u can benefit) or prevention focus (how u can avoid)
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18
Q

changing attitudes through communication - elaboration likelihood model

A

people more likely to be influenced when there’s enough time to process message

central route: thinking about the message
factors influencing = motivation, ability, quality of arguments - ATTITUDE CHANGE more likely

peripheral route: relies on external cues/ heuristics -TEMPORARY persuasion
factors influencing = source credibility, message length (length = strength)
if cues present = persuasion

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19
Q

discrimination

A

inappropriate and unfair treatment of individuals due to group membership

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20
Q

3 forms of discrimination

A

individual (impact on specific groups)

institutional (policies intended to harm specific groups)

structural (policies the appear neutral in terms of intent but have negative impact on specific groups)

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21
Q

intergroup bias

A

systematic tendency to evaluate ones own membership group more favourable than non-membership group

encompasses cognition (stereotype), attitude (prejudice) and behaviour (discrimination)

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22
Q

frustration-aggression

A

if goals frustrated, energy leaves us in imbalance
rebalance through aggression directed at scapegoats

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23
Q

authoritarian personality

A

parenting style affects children like intolerance to minorities = aggression

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24
Q

critique of frustration-aggression

A

frustration not necessary for discrimination
individual differences - ignores social context

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25
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

competition for limited resources leads to prejudice
robbers cave study:
evaluated effects of conflict on prejudice and saw if co-operation would help

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26
Q

critique of authoritarian personality

A

acquiescence bias - no items on f-scale were reversed = tendency of saying yes inflate correlations between items

psychoanalytic constructs hard to empirically test

ignores situation effects on prejudice

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27
Q

critique of realistic conflict theory

A

are conflict and competition necessary for prejudice/discrimination?

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28
Q

social identity theory

A

self concept = personal identity + social identity

engaging in favourable behaviours that benefit the in-group relative to outgrip helps to maintain positive self-concept

group studies - assigned to random groups and pp would give points to favour in-group profit

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29
Q

explicit measures of prejudice

A

semantic differentials
Likert scale
blatant prejudice scale
subtle prejudice scale
traditional sexism sclae
modern sexism scale

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30
Q

traditional forms of bias

A

overt, blatant, obvious
ethophaulisms (slurs)

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31
Q

modern forms of bias

A

covert, subtle, ambiguous

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32
Q

implicit measures of prejudice

A

affective measure = implicit association test

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33
Q

modern discrimination - 3 forms of microaggression

A

micro-invalidation = actions invalidating people of colour

micro-insults = demean racial identity (e.g. asking person of colour how they got a job)

micro-assaults = racially-motivated actions meant to cause harm

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34
Q

tokenism - INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION

A

publicly making small concessions to a minority group to deflect accusations of prejudice

example
glass cliff - women more likely to be placed in precarious leadership roles (where there is a high risk of failure)

Ryan and Haslam = women more likely to perform poorly

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35
Q

direct intergroup contact

A

Allports contact hypothesis - contact between groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions

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36
Q

conditions promoting prejudice-reduction

A
  1. equal status
  2. common goals
  3. intergroup co-operation
  4. institutional support
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37
Q

evidence of direct intergroup contact

A

515 studies
greater reductions in prejudice seen under Allport conditions
reduced by reducing anxiety, increasing empathy and increasing outgrip knowledge

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38
Q

indirect intergroup contact

A

vicarious contact = observation of interaction between in-group and outgrip members

extended contact = knowing that in-group members have contact with outgroup members

imagined contact

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39
Q

evidence of extended contact

A

White, Asian and African students who reported knowing more in-group members with at least one outgrip friend reported less prejudice

meta-analysis supports positive relationship between extended contact and intergroup attitudes

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40
Q

mechanisms underlying how vicarious and extended contact work

A
  1. reducing intergroup anxiety
  2. increasing empathy
  3. cognitive overlap between self and outgroup members
  4. changing perceptions of social norms
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41
Q

indirect intergroup contact - imagined contact

A

mentally simulating positive interactions with members of an out-group

Evidence:
pp who imagined positive interactions reported positive attitudes towards Sz
meta-analysis supports effectiveness in promoting positive attitudes , intentions and behaviour

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42
Q

mechanisms underlying imagined contact

A
  1. reduced intergroup anxiety
  2. increased empathy
  3. increased knowledge
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43
Q

critique of imagined contect

A

studies show small effect of imagined contact on reducing prejudice across 36 samples

doesn’t replicate in studies

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44
Q

Apfelbaum 2010

A

digital storybook on equality given with either colour blind approach or value diversity approach (appreciate how we r all different)

children told stories varying in degree of racially biased behaviour - no bias, ambiguous, explicit bias

children less likely to perceive discrimination in colourblind story - even when discrimination was explicit

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45
Q

colourblind ideologies

A

shouldn’t see others in terms of colour of skin

critique: could lead to micro invalidation

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46
Q

educational strategies

A

increase knowledge

Hughes - history lessons on racism showed more positive attitudes towards African Americans

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47
Q

prejudice confrontation

A

action taken by a person to confront prejudice behaviour

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48
Q

bystander anti-prejudice

A

confrontation by a non-target individual

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49
Q

Aarts 1997 - cycling

A

measure cycling ability then likelihood of cycling in 16 descriptions of travel situations (4 attributes)

measures favourability of using a bicycle in each situation and number of attributes used to make each decision

weak habit = use more attributes about situation

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50
Q

Czopp study

A

White pp completed task with white confederate making inferences about sentences paired with white/black people
The sentences were either stereotypical or non-stereotypical
Then randomly assigned feedback
PP completed 20-item Attitudes towards Black Scale
Participants confronted about stereotypes had greater reduction in prejudice

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51
Q

what are habits

A

strong associations between contexts and responses developed through repetition

by consequence: relatively automatic responses that are insensitive to changes

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52
Q

habits insensitive to changes in the value of response?

A

measured habit strength (how frequently eat popcorn)
context (cinema or meeting)
value of response (stale or not)

strong habit - still eat popcorn when stale

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53
Q

criteria for automaticity

A
  1. don’t require deliberation
  2. occur outside conscious awareness
  3. insensitive to changes in value of response
  4. difficult to control
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54
Q

are associations developed through repetition

A

wood, quit, kashy
43% of actions performed almost daily with sam contexts

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55
Q

webb - meta-analysis

A

changes in intentions led to larger changes in behaviours that pp performed sporadically than in behaviours that could be repeated into habits

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56
Q

mental habits

A

negative thinking measured by HINT: habit index of negative thinking

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57
Q

wood Gam and Guerrero Witt - habits

A

4 weeks before moving - asked how often they performed certain action and where, who with and if they also did action

results:
after moving,
less watching tv habit when more perceived change in location for strong habit

negative correlation for strong habit of change in others presence and reading newspaper

frequency of exercising decreased when more change in location and stronger habit

STRONG HABIT = MORE PERCEIVED CHANGE

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58
Q

counter-intentional habits

A

intentions have smaller effects on behaviours performed frequently in similar situations

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59
Q

why is it hard to break habits

A

People not aware that habits drive behaviour, what cues trigger habits and habitual responses

Habits are insensitive to changes in the value of response

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60
Q

priming task - habits

A

pp respond faster when habit (snack) is primed by cue (home) over alternative snack

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61
Q

habitual vs non-habitual response

A

automatic ingrained behaviours, shorter latency response vs deliberate, conscious effort

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62
Q

implementation intention

A

plan details how when and where they will perform behaviour

creates a new association with cue

Holland - II group had most change in recycling behaviour

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63
Q

vigilant monitoring

A

being alert to cues that prompt habitual responses
requires self-awareness

Quinn - vigilant monitoring showed most affect in changing habit

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64
Q

environmental psychology

A

study of the interplay between individuals and the built and natural environment

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65
Q

Boutellier - office space

A

multi-space layout = more interactions per hour than cell offices but events lasted longer in cell offices

mutlispace spent more time without communication between interactions

66
Q

Seddigh - environment and task type

A

distraction had more impact on tasks requiring more concentration, except in cell offices

cognitive stress higher in all office types except cell offices, when higher levels of concentration needed

67
Q

field theory. - Lewin

A

B = f(P,E)
B = behavior
p = person
e = env

behaviour determined by interaction between person and environment

68
Q

using topology to map life space

A

POG
P = individual
O = current behaviour/situation
G = goal wish to achieve

69
Q

environmental response inventory

A

negative correlation between need for privacy and evaluations of public spaces

70
Q

Roskams et al 2019

A

higher noise sensitivity correlated with negative perceptions of acoustic quality in office

more sensitive to noise = greater difficulty concentrating, higher stress and lower productivity

71
Q

what makes an environment restorative?

A

perceived restorativeness scale:
fascination (engaging nature)
being away (escapism)
coherence (harmony)
compatibility (doing what I like)

72
Q

affect of sounds on mood - Jiang

A

park and nature sounds had biggest increase in mood
muteness in street had big drop in mood and office with traffic had big drop

73
Q

Mayer et al - walks

A

more positive effect and higher levels of reflection in nature setting when asked to reflect on tying a ‘loose end’

74
Q

stress recovery theory

A

natural environments evoke positive effect without conscious recognition
lowers arousal and reduces stress

75
Q

attention restoration theory

A

environments fight for our attention but natural environments provide:
fascination
connectedness
so restore attention

76
Q

perceptual fluency account

A

natural settings processed more fluently due to fractal patterns and more redundant info

77
Q

Bratman - well being and nature

A

more contact with nature = high well-being and less ill-being , less ruminating with problems

78
Q

health

A

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

79
Q

huber definition of health

A

proposes a shift towards the ability to self-manage challenges

80
Q

health behaviour

A

purpose of preventing or detecting disease of for improving health
can be positive or negative

81
Q

broadest sense health behaviour

A

behaviours people engage in that affect their health
measured using categorical or continuous measurements

82
Q

Alameda county study

A

7000 adults
measured 7 baseline negative health behaviours
people over 75 who partook in all 7 health behaviours had health comparable to those aged 35-44 who did less than 3

83
Q

Khaw - 20,000 people data

A

survival associated with:
not smoking
being physically active
drinking moderately
eating 5 or more servings of fruit and veg a day

84
Q

health behaviours in modern world

A

fluid and changes with medical knowledge
vary in influence in time and populations
evidence is variable

85
Q

biology of health behaviours

A

twin studies = heritable component for nicotine and obesity
some behaviours release dopamine = reinforcement
disabilities

86
Q

social aspect of health behaviours

A

peer influence
cultural values
16-24 yrs - most likely to binge drink
80% of adults do not meet WHOs recommended levels of physical activity

87
Q

psychology of health behaviours

A

stress > smoking, drinking
fear avoidance
attitudes and beliefs

88
Q

COM-B model

A

capability + motivation + opportunity (environment that allows) = behaviour

89
Q

capability

A

physical (skill + strength) and psychological (capacity to engage)

90
Q

motivation

A

reflective motivation = evaluations and plans
automatic motivation = emotional reaction

91
Q

COM-B and covid

A

psychological capability, social opportunity and reflective motivation positively influenced behaviour

automatic motivation and physical opportunity negatively influenced behaviour

interventions to promote and maintain. - involves all positive influences

92
Q

COM-B and physical activity

A

31% of variance explained by COM-B

capability and opportunity were associated with behaviour through motivation

93
Q

designing change intervention

A
  1. understand behaviour
  2. identify intervention option
  3. identify content and implementation techniques
94
Q

behaviour change wheel

A

19 frameworks
comprehensive coherent
identified 9 intervention functions and 7 policy categories (made by authorities)

95
Q

policy categories

A

environmental/social planning
marketing
legislation - laws
service provision - delivering a service
regulation - rules
fiscal measures - tax systems
guideline

96
Q

opportunity barriers found when trying to reduce sitting in NHS workers

A

lack of adjustable desks
social norms go against standing
limited knowledge on health risks of prolonged sitting
low beliefs on the positives of standing

97
Q

Martin-payo - diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes - researched intervention effect

intervention group = significant improvement in diet, exercise and a decrease in HbA1c

98
Q

Risk definition

A

the potential of gaining or losing something of value resulting from a given action or inaction which can be foreseen or unforeseen

99
Q

risk perception

A

the subjective judgement that people make about the severity and probability of a risk

100
Q

percentage risks of people dying from event/disease

A

CV disease = 31.8%
cancer = 17.08%
respiratory infection = 4.57%
road incident = 2.22%
suicide = 1.42%
homicide = 0.72%
malnutrition = 0.41%
terrorism = 0.05%
natural disaster = 0.02%

101
Q

Slovic - percentage judgements

A

technical expert judgements are in line with objective data
lay judgements don’t align with objective data or lay estiamtes

102
Q

risk perceptions affect political attitudes

A

level of perceived risk predicts support for aggressive anti-terrorism strategies

lower perceived risk of COVID in a state where high number of trump supporters

103
Q

risk perceptions affect behaviours

A

estimated 1500 Americans died on the road in attempt to avoid flying when it was perceived as risky

higher perceived risk = higher preventative health behaviours in countries across Europe, Asia and america

104
Q

risk perceptions affect economy and society

A

Decrease in footfall and tourism following Salisbury novichok poisonings led to £3.7m fund from Government to help city recover

UK enters recession after gross domestic product plunged 20.4% in second quarter of 2020.

105
Q

risk perceptions allow better communications

A

Acton, Rogers and Zimmerman – people more concerned about radiation than explosion from bomb

Neumann-Bohme – concerns bout vaccine side-effects reducing willingness to be vaccinated

106
Q

risk perceptions allow us to direct policy

A

Taylor, Dessai – public perception of climate risks predict support for climate change policies

Foad – higher perceived threat of COVID-19 = greater support for lockdown

107
Q

protection motivation theory

A

occur when individuals have high protection motivation

arises as a result of cognitive appraisals: threat appraisal and coping appraisal

108
Q

threat appraisal

A

evaluating severity and personal relevance to a threat

perceived severity (if I continue to smoke, I could get cancer)

probability of being vulnerable to the threat (dad smoked and is healthy)

reward of risky behaviour (smoking helps me concentrate

109
Q

coping appraisal

A

considers the protective behaviour (how they will cope)

response efficacy (if I quit I can reduce my risk)

confidence for being able to engage in the behaviour (I tired to quit but failed)

response costs of adaptive behaviour (if I quit, calming effect will be gone)

110
Q

evidence for PMT

A

Threat appraisal – effect size medium
ppl who perceived higher severity of threat = engage in protective behaviour

Coping appraisal – effect size medium
if protective behaviour works, more likely to engage with it.
confidence in their ability increases likelihood to engage

Adaptive intentions or behaviours – medium effect size. Higher reward = more likely to engage

more response costs = less likely to engage
large effect size

111
Q

malmir evidence for pmt

A

cervical screening

educational intervention had significant effects on experimental group as screening attendance, self-efficacy and health enquiries increased (didn’t in control group)

112
Q

critique of PMT

A
  • Measures intentions over behaviour in many studies - often vague
  • Self-report measures used = weak
  • Not often validated/reliable
  • Smaller relationship between threat appraisals and protective behaviour: maybe because they are better predictors of behaviour intended to reduce health threats? – less consequence
  • Some studies criticised for not using mediation analysis to test if impact of intervention is due to changes in PMT constructs
113
Q

cultural theory of risk perception

A
  • People gravitate to risk perceptions that align with their cultural views: fatalism, hierarchy, individualism and egalitarianism
114
Q

fatalism

A

regulated by social groups they don’t belong to

indifferent about risk

115
Q

hierachy

A

fear things that disrupt the natural order of society

116
Q

individualism

A

fear things that obstruct their freedom

117
Q

egalitarianism

A

fear things that increase inequalities

118
Q

evidence of cultural theory for RP

A

hierarchy + individualism = concerns about social deviance and war (individualism more concerned about market issues)

egalitarianism concerned about tech, environment and breakdown of democracy

119
Q

limitations of cultural theory

A

Only explains small amount of variance

Unreliable, non-validated methods of research
(only 5% of variance in risk judgement explained by culture)

120
Q

heuristics and biases

A

Heuristics = mental shortcuts used to simplify decision-making

121
Q

affect heuristic

A

Affect heuristic = making decision based on emotions (positive feeling towards risk = underestimation of harm)

evidence = people pay more insurance when more sentimental value

122
Q

availability heuristic

A

risk perception depends on how easily person can see the risk happening
e.g. rare causes of death overestimated due to media

evidence = direct experience w flooding meant less likely to live in house with higher risk

123
Q

optimism bias

A

Bad things happen to others not me
More likely to engage in risky behaviour
Due to defensive denial, downward comparison or egocentrism

Evidence – college-age drivers believed they would be at less risk than other drivers in an accident. Same with smokers

124
Q

psychometric paradigm

A

judgement of risk influenced by multiple dimensions

dread and unknown factor are main components

125
Q

strengths and limitations of psychometric paradigm

A

Strengths –
Replicated studies
Agreement that dread and unknown are important
Psychometric paradigm typically explain 70% of variance

Limitations –
Poorer association at individual level
Different dimensions matter in different studies

126
Q

social amplification of risk

A

communication process - media

amplification/attenution - exaggeration or minimisation of risk based on media coverage

individual and social factors

feedback loops

127
Q

evidence of social amplification

A

Effects of increased media on GM food
Risk perception increased during highest levels of media coverage but risk perceptions subsequently reduced as coverage diminished

128
Q

evaluation of social amplification

A

limitations =
amplification may be directed as exaggeration
too general
formulated 30 years ago

129
Q

replication

A

repeatedly finding the same results
- Protects against false positives, increase generalisation, address researcher fraud

130
Q

direct replication

A

a scientific attempt to recreate the critical elements
Similar results means data is accurate and reproducible

131
Q

registered replication reports

A

collection of independently conducted direct replications of a study. Results published regardless of outcome

132
Q

conceptual replication

A

testing same hypothesis using different procedure
Similar results means they are robust

133
Q

outcome switching

A

changing the outcomes of interest in the study depending on observed results (=p-hacking) which is maximising likelihood of statistically significant effect

134
Q

sloppy science

A
  • Flexibility in data collection, analysis and reporting dramatically increases actual false-positive rates
  • Percentage of respondents who have engaged in questionable practices was high
135
Q

moderators

A

Variables that influence the nature of an effect

136
Q

publication bias

A

findings that are statistically significant are more likely to be published than those that are not

137
Q

open science

A

the process of making content and process of producing evidence and claims transparent and accessible to others
Transparency > trust

138
Q

pre-registration

A

define RQ methods and approach to analysis before observing research outcomes. Helps to prevent HARKing (hypothesising after results are known) and hindsight bias

139
Q

peer review process

A
  1. Reviewers and editors assess a detailed protocol
  2. Following favourable reviews, the journal offers acceptance in principle
140
Q

traditional method of publication

A
  • Researchers submit to journal who decide whether to publish
  • Sign copyright over to journal and charge unis/libraries
141
Q

types of open access publishing

A

Gold open access:
- Researchers pay journal to publish so it is freely accessible online

Green open access:
- Put an unformatted version of a manuscript in repository

Open access works are used more (36-600% more)
Discussed more in non-scientific settings

142
Q

humour

A

psychological response characterised by amusement

143
Q

four essential components of humour

A

social context - laugh more with others, oppurtunities for play

cognitive - perceptual processes - idea/image that is absurd
we appraise it as non serious

emotional response- ‘mirth’ = pleasurable feeling

vocal-behavioural expression of laughter = mirth expressed as smiling/laughter

144
Q

types of humour

A

jokes
spontaneous conversational humour - worth 72% of daily laughter. Context dependent
unintentional humour - physical or linguistic

145
Q

evolutionary theory

A

first social vocalisation emitted by babies
also in monkeys
started in social play and adapted to mental play

survival - social emotional functions. Indicator of intelligence

vocal grooming - facilitates social bonding

false alarm - laughter shows a situation as unserious

146
Q

incongruity theory

A

incongruity is determinant of whether something is humorous

must be resolved

contains double meaning/surprise

limitation:
size weight illusion studies
- incongruity without resolution is still capable of eliciting humour

147
Q

relief theory

A

humour is used to relieve built up stress/tension

support:
more arousal = more enjoyment

pp exposed to high arousal conditions rated jokes as funnier than low arousal conditions

148
Q

superiority theory

A

plato - laughter originates in malice
belittling another person

playful aggression - people can use laugher to make fun of those inferior

limitations:
little evidence saying aggression is involved in all humour

animal studies - laughter only in friendly situations

unfalsifiable

149
Q

humour as social interaction

A

jokes almost always about people
emotion mirth is shared
laughter communicates emotional state

150
Q

self-disclosure/social probing - laughter

A

can see degree to which attitudes are tolerated or shared by others by making controversial jokes

walle - sexual jokes expressed possible sexual liaison

151
Q

social norms violation and control

A

joking while being rude means someone can violate social norms without people taking offence

152
Q

status and hierarchy maintenance

A

reinforce statuses

Robinson-individuals who more frequently interrupted other (higher status) were more likely to make others laugh

153
Q

social bonding

A

laughter helps coordinate group members

provine - laughter frequently followed seemingly mundane statements

= laughter is a social signal of general positive emotion

154
Q

social communication

A

laughter used to elicit emotional responses onto others

exposure to humorous stimuli in presence of laughter as seen as funnier - induces emotional arousal

155
Q

humour - stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination

A

used to resolve incongruities - need to be aware of stereotype

disparagement humour = prompts amusement through belittling an individual/ social group

156
Q

prejudiced norm theory

A

exposure to disparagement humour affects tolerance of discrimination against groups

communicates approval others to behave in prejudiced manner
less fear of punishment

157
Q

Olsen - effect of disparagement humour on attitudes towards targeted group

A

exposure to disparaging humour had no effects on attitudes towards men or lawyers

however pp were relatively advantaged in the culture

158
Q

mendiburo-seguel and ford - effect of disparagement humour on attitudes towards acceptability of prejudice

A

377 residents

found no effects on the disparagement maniupaltion on attitudes towards gay men or politicians

Significant effect of type of disparagement on acceptability of prejudice against gay men

ridicule of gay men was more acceptable after exposure to disparaging jokes versus disparaging serious comments or no disparagement

results are same against other disadvantaged groups

159
Q

willingness to discriminate against targeted groups

A

96 males
either sexist joke or no-sexist joke condition
completed rape proclivity scale

sexist joke condition = higher levels of rape tendency

160
Q

laughter helping stress

A

ability to respond with humour in face of stress = effective coping skill

making fun of situations normally viewed as threatening

reappraise stressful situation to a new less-threatening pov

161
Q

does humour reduce stress

A

humorous narrative showed less emotional distress and lower arousal

use of humour based coping strategies associated with lower perceived stress due to COVID

not always the best:
- adaptive self-enhancing components of humour had positive effect
- maladaptive self-defeating components of humour had negative effects

162
Q

humour and physical health

A

follow up study
cognitive component of sense of humour is positively associated with survival from mortality related to CVD and infections in women and men
= helps cope

NO-
stand-up comedians associated with shorter lifespan when in higher comedy rank - stress?

relieving pain in elders with humour therapy program = significantly more reduction in pain after 8 weeks

Social Psychology (3 decks)

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