terms and models Flashcards
lexical
sound of the word
hockey’s design features of language
arbitrariness (no connection between sound and message)
displacement (communicate about things not present)
productivity (new utterances)
duality of patterning (meaningless segments made meaningful)
morphological
structure - words made up of morphemes
plurals
phonological
sounds of letter
phonemes - different sounds changing meaning (smallest segmental unit of sound)
prosodic
rhythms - how it comes across
syntactic
arrangement of words in a sentence
semantic
understanding of words
pragmatics
use of words in different contexts
consider other person
be aware of impact of words used
7 months - language
reduplicated and canonical babbling
joint attention
9 months
social pragmatic cues + intention reading
10 months - language
babbling becomes frequent sounds
1 year - language
longer strung sounds
stress patterns
2 years - language
faster at recognising speech sounds
children look at right picture as they get older
conditioned head turning
learn to turn head when hear new sound (rewarded)
vocal tract development
limited due to :
size and placement of tongue in relation to vocal cavity
neuromuscular limits
pointing as a gesture
imperatively, declaratively, interrogatively
volterra 1975
perlocutionary stage - effect on listener - not intentional
illocutionary stage - non verbal signals - intentional
locutionary stage - speech sounds
syntactic bootstrapping
using the context to guess meaning of words
morphological trajectory
- inflections (notice ed changes)
- apply inflection
- realise not all words follow same pattern
noam Chomsky - theory of grammatical development
suggests inborn ability known as universal grammar
nativist
constructivist approach
learnable, social contexts and emphasises learning mechanisms
not fully worked out how learning mechanisms interact
Morris’ semiotic triangle
signs, real world conditions, listener link together = semiosis
repairing utterances is good
DLD
developmental language disorder
2/30 children
heterogeneous sub-groups like ADHD
deafness
sensorineural deafness = inner ear
auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (sounds disrupted in brain)
conductive deafness = blockages
= delays in pragmatics and social cognition (ToM)
can be bilateral and unilateral
rejected children
aggressive rejection = poor self control
non-aggressive rejection = anxious, withdrawn
factors affecting peer status
temperament
past
appearance
social skills
types of play
parallel social pretend play
co-operating
chimps don’t re-engage
social information processing Crick n Dodge
encode cues
interpret cues
goals
review possibilities
decide on action
act
all rely on database
emotional contagion
unconsciously mimicking emotions of others
mimicry
imitating others
Piaget stages of development of moral reasoning
premoral (0-5)
moral realism (5-10)
moral subjectivism (10+)
Kohlberg stages
pre conventional (0-9)
conventional (adult)
post conventional
- gender + culture bias
Tomasello and Vaish
- second person morality = responding to others
- agent-neutral morality = expand to strangers
altruism
behaviour performed for unselfish motives
pro sociality
multifaceted
comforting
starts in second year
age 3 = responsive to others distress
genetic influence - affects response to distress
helping
response to instrumental need
12 months - point to show help
30 months - acquired reasoning skills
sharing
6 months - affiliative sharing
9-10 months - active object sharing
18 months - resource sharing (requires support from parents)
3years - reciprocity and understanding of fairness
samoan children shared more
disadvantageous inequity aversion
middle childhood
don’t like seeing others unfairly treated
advantageous equity aversion
variability in feelings of fairness or discomfort
you take sweets
is altruism innate?
yes - displayed early in development
no - could be motivation for social interaction
ontogenesis
the process of development from childhood to maturity
development as a lifelong process
there are diverse patterns of ageing that differ in timing
stereotype threat effect
underperforming due to a negative stereotype
multidirectionality lifespan perspective
different viewpoints on trajectory of development
development as gain/loss
age increases and gains decrease
plasticity
baseline performance = how well u perform without help
baseline reserve capacity = best you do with optimum resources
developmental reserve capacity = when you have put in effort
historical embeddedness
sociocultural influence
contextualism as paradigm
age-graded influence
history-graded influence
non-normative influence
multidisiplinary
biology, sociology etc
positive social network benefits
better cognition
reduced dementia
better recovery from stroke
lower risk of mortality
socioemotional selectivity theory
emotional trajectory > emotional satisfaction
knowledge trajectory > adaptation success
older people v younger in study
bias towards positive faces
less reactive in high stress
ageing paradox
despite declines in health, report positive relationships and well-being
semantic memory
knowledge
why do older adults outperform younger adults on vocabulary and knowledge tests?
densely networked semantic memory
more semantic priming
age impaired areas less involved in SM
dual process theory and ageing
EM declines
familiarity stays intact
hippocampus and caudate nucleus decline (recall)
entorhinal cortex stays intact (recognition)
associative deficit hypothesis
worse = memory for associations
intact = memory for individual items
source monitoring framework
worse = memory for source and context
intact = memory for specific items
processing speed in older age
prioritise accuracy
lower WM capacity - due to high stress (Marshall et al 2015)
baltes model
cultural/environmental factors less important to biological factors to explain age-related changes in cognition
what phase of sleep do older people experience more
slow wave sleep
differential preservation hypothesis
protects against age related decline in mental ability
common cause hypothesis
cognitive decline related to neurological deterioration (sensorimotor ability)
linderberger and Baltes - Berlin aging study
sensorimotor factor (vision, hearing, gait) affected intelligence with age
sensory deprivation
declining sensory acuity = social withdrawal = decline in cognitive ability
ageing disrupting memory in sws
increased cortisol affects cortisol receptors in hippocampus = affects memory transfers to neocortex
physical exercise and cognitive ability
improves however strongest on executive tasks (planning etc)
increases volume in grey and white matter
increased hippocampus volume by 2%
mental exercise
stronger positive correlations between high cognitive leisure and cognitive ability
issues in training literature
publication bias
practical, theoretical, methodological
Karbach and Verhaegen meta analysis
training gains trained and transfer tasks
no age difference
training transfers
near - WM task
medium - updating task
far - reasoning
active engagement leisure activity
positively linked to physical function, mental health and cognitive function
park et al 2013 - training lifestyles
intervention phase - productive negagement or receptive engagement (familiar exp)
episodic memory benefited the most from intervention
disconnect in the lab and real life
may over exaggerate the negative correlation between cognitive decline and age
prosocial behaviour increases
Berlin wisdom paradigm
factual knowledge
procedure knowledge
life-span contextualism
value relativism and tolerance
awareness and management of uncertainty
wisdom
non-significant relationship between wisdom and age
younger adults had more wisdom for marital conflict
expertise in chess
performance increases up to early 20s and plateaus to 35 years
associative binding deficits
difficulties in connecting pieces of information in memory.
expertise
expertise doesn’t protect against age-related decline in a domain of expertise
