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Cognitive Psychology > terms and models > Flashcards

terms and models Flashcards

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1
Q

gaze cueing

A

following gaze of someone else to look at same location

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2
Q

saccade

A

rapid eye movement

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3
Q

MRI scan

A

atoms align
radio waves so atoms face new direction
relax and emit energy = image

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4
Q

lower water content tissue in MRI scan

A

fewer hydrogen emitting signal = darker area on scan

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5
Q

fMRI

A

looks at blood flow
iron is magnetic
measure blood oxygen level dependent to see which areas active recently

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6
Q

BOLD response

A

diamagnetic = oxygenated = weak magnetic field
paramagnetic = deoxygenated = strong magnetic field

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7
Q

advantages of fMRI

A

good spatial resolution

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8
Q

disadvantages of fMRI

A

expensive, cant have metal

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9
Q

models in science

A

simplified representation of something

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10
Q

statistical model

A

relationship between variables

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11
Q

theoretical models

A

relationship between mental processes

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12
Q

box and arrow model

A

attended and unattended inputs - multi-staged
selective filler > high level processing > WM

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13
Q

formal models

A

computational
explicit and numerical predictions
more accurate

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14
Q

informal models

A

implicit directional predicitions

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15
Q

data

A

collected observations

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16
Q

hypothesis

A

narrow testable statement

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17
Q

theory

A

scientific proposition

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18
Q

framework

A

conceptual system

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19
Q

explanation without prediction

A

Sz

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20
Q

modular

A

body parts processed separately in brain

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21
Q

prediction without explanation

A

Alzheimers

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22
Q

David Marr’s level of analysis

A

top-down=
computational level - what is the goal?
algorithmic level - how
implementation level - how its done
too focused on theory

bottom up (the other way round)
too focused on how

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23
Q

Moravecs paradox

A

challenges easy for humans are hard for AI

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24
Q

body schema

A

internal representation of the body

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25
Q

peripersonal space

A

space surrounding bodies
expands with tool use

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26
Q

body image

A

conscious feeling about the body

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27
Q

name for inability to execute actions

A

autotopagnosia = no image
, ideomotor apraxia = schems dsitortion
Alice = both and size

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28
Q

cross modal intergration

A

bodies ability to combine different information from different senses

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29
Q

flexibility

A

switching between different behvaiours

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30
Q

executive functions

A

higher level cognitive skills

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31
Q

impulsive vs thoughtful response

A

automatic vs slower, accurate
successful inhibition when stop impulsive response

32
Q

model parameters

A

slope and threshold on a reaction time graph

33
Q

go/ no go task

A

participants have to respond to GO while inhibiting response to NO GO

34
Q

stop signal task

A

measures reactive inhibition (responding to questions but inhibiting when there’s another)

35
Q

race model of stopping

A

multiple processes in the brain to stop a response

36
Q

proactive inhibition

A

adjusting behaviour in anticipation of inhibiting response

37
Q

scala nature

A

ladder of being
fish - amphibians - reptiles - birds - mammals

38
Q

executive functions

A

high level processing in prefrontal crotex

39
Q

delay activity

A

electrodes on prefrontal cortex
one of two lights lit up - delay period - monkey chooses between left and

40
Q

result of delay activity

A

more neuronal spikes when working memory used

41
Q

dopamine and delay activity

A

neuromodulator
conditioning
acts as a criticism of delay activity task - monkeys delay in response may be due to reward anticipation

42
Q

criticism of delay activity

A

may not be measuring working memory - as no manipulation of information

43
Q

birds brains

A

avian brain
palium areas

44
Q

nidopallium caudolaterate

A

forebrain - covers cerebrum
decision making, executive functions

45
Q

pigeon experiment - is NcL same as PFC in humans?

A

A = remember
sample = stimulus
cue = audio telling to remember sample
delay = 3 seconds
compare between 2 stimulus and select correct one (with reward)

B = forget
cue tells pigeon to forget
(same as other)

46
Q

results of pigeon experiment

A

A = sustained neuronal activity (shows delay activity)

B = decrease in neuronal activity when cue to forget

47
Q

critique of pigeon experiment

A

could be due to reward prediction and preparation of motor response

48
Q

working memory in crows - match to sample task

A

sample, delay then MCQ - crows selects sample
prepares different movements so not preparing motor movements
rewards were randomised

neurons are selective during delay period

49
Q

advantages and disadvantages of animal studies

A

adv:
single cell recordings
invasive
spatial temporal accuracy

disadvantage:
invasive
time
difficult to remove confounds

50
Q

working memory in honey bees

A

bee tunnel
square pattern - has to learn
then 3 tunnels - has to match sample and tunnel

51
Q

results for working memory in honey bees

A

high performance with short delays
WM of up to 6.5 seconds

52
Q

object permanence in macaques

A

higher neuronal firing rate in unexpected emergence

52
Q

learning of abstract concepts in. bees

A

match first sample (odour or colour) to second samples to reach feeder

53
Q

mental time travel in scrub jays

A

anticipate other birds stealing food during caching
suggests anticipation

54
Q

theory of mind in chimpanzees

A

false belief tasks
look at target more than distractor

55
Q

tool use in rhesus monkeys and humnas/ crows

A

similar activation for hand objects
humans have activation of inferior parietal lobe activation
crows - understanding of purpose

56
Q

reciprocal social attention

A

exchanging gaze to better social interaction

57
Q

inhibition of return

A

people naturally avoid revisiting locations previously searched

58
Q

brain as predictor frameqork

A

generate hypothesis, collect data
test whether hypothesis predicts behaviour outcomes
improves ecological validity

59
Q

shared space of effect/ shared network

A

information successfully transferred from one brain to another (hyper scanning) (similar to 2nd person neuroscience)

60
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

face identification

61
Q

amygdala and hippocampus

A

gaze direction, eye contact, emotion

62
Q

when do babies first direct attention to eyes

A

by 3 months

63
Q

multisensory neuron with receptive field

A

visual stimulation near hand
body-part-centered

64
Q

spatial remapping

A

interference between visual and tactile stimuli changes with posture

65
Q

crossmodal congruency effect

A

perception one sensory modality is influenced by congruency/incongruency in another sensory modality

66
Q

characteristics of body schema

A

modular, spatially coded (representation in external space), interpersonal (others actions same), updated with movement (posture), adaptable (tools), coherent (illusions), supra modal integration

67
Q

theories of sensory conflict

A

visual dominance
modality precision
weighting based on uncertainty

68
Q

behavioural inhibition v cognitive inhibition

A

B = stopping action
C =stopping mental processes

69
Q

visual dominance hypothesis

A

visual info has more dominance

70
Q

modality precision hypothesis

A

perception skewed towards the more reliable modality

71
Q

body schema development

A

6 months

72
Q

point of subjective equality

A

point where people cant distinguish what is taller (50%) - closer to vision in example (equally likely to say…)

73
Q

normative v process model

A

how should be done vs how it is

74
Q

normative integration

A

pick what minimised sensory uncertainty

75
Q

integrating probabilities

A

low variance = low uncertainty
high variance = high uncertainty

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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