terms and models Flashcards
gaze cueing
following gaze of someone else to look at same location
saccade
rapid eye movement
MRI scan
atoms align
radio waves so atoms face new direction
relax and emit energy = image
lower water content tissue in MRI scan
fewer hydrogen emitting signal = darker area on scan
fMRI
looks at blood flow
iron is magnetic
measure blood oxygen level dependent to see which areas active recently
BOLD response
diamagnetic = oxygenated = weak magnetic field
paramagnetic = deoxygenated = strong magnetic field
advantages of fMRI
good spatial resolution
disadvantages of fMRI
expensive, cant have metal
models in science
simplified representation of something
statistical model
relationship between variables
theoretical models
relationship between mental processes
box and arrow model
attended and unattended inputs - multi-staged
selective filler > high level processing > WM
formal models
computational
explicit and numerical predictions
more accurate
informal models
implicit directional predicitions
data
collected observations
hypothesis
narrow testable statement
theory
scientific proposition
framework
conceptual system
explanation without prediction
Sz
modular
body parts processed separately in brain
prediction without explanation
Alzheimers
David Marr’s level of analysis
top-down=
computational level - what is the goal?
algorithmic level - how
implementation level - how its done
too focused on theory
bottom up (the other way round)
too focused on how
Moravecs paradox
challenges easy for humans are hard for AI
body schema
internal representation of the body
peripersonal space
space surrounding bodies
expands with tool use
body image
conscious feeling about the body
name for inability to execute actions
autotopagnosia = no image
, ideomotor apraxia = schems dsitortion
Alice = both and size
cross modal intergration
bodies ability to combine different information from different senses
flexibility
switching between different behvaiours
executive functions
higher level cognitive skills
impulsive vs thoughtful response
automatic vs slower, accurate
successful inhibition when stop impulsive response
model parameters
slope and threshold on a reaction time graph
go/ no go task
participants have to respond to GO while inhibiting response to NO GO
stop signal task
measures reactive inhibition (responding to questions but inhibiting when there’s another)
race model of stopping
multiple processes in the brain to stop a response
proactive inhibition
adjusting behaviour in anticipation of inhibiting response
scala nature
ladder of being
fish - amphibians - reptiles - birds - mammals
executive functions
high level processing in prefrontal crotex
delay activity
electrodes on prefrontal cortex
one of two lights lit up - delay period - monkey chooses between left and
result of delay activity
more neuronal spikes when working memory used
dopamine and delay activity
neuromodulator
conditioning
acts as a criticism of delay activity task - monkeys delay in response may be due to reward anticipation
criticism of delay activity
may not be measuring working memory - as no manipulation of information
birds brains
avian brain
palium areas
nidopallium caudolaterate
forebrain - covers cerebrum
decision making, executive functions
pigeon experiment - is NcL same as PFC in humans?
A = remember
sample = stimulus
cue = audio telling to remember sample
delay = 3 seconds
compare between 2 stimulus and select correct one (with reward)
B = forget
cue tells pigeon to forget
(same as other)
results of pigeon experiment
A = sustained neuronal activity (shows delay activity)
B = decrease in neuronal activity when cue to forget
critique of pigeon experiment
could be due to reward prediction and preparation of motor response
working memory in crows - match to sample task
sample, delay then MCQ - crows selects sample
prepares different movements so not preparing motor movements
rewards were randomised
neurons are selective during delay period
advantages and disadvantages of animal studies
adv:
single cell recordings
invasive
spatial temporal accuracy
disadvantage:
invasive
time
difficult to remove confounds
working memory in honey bees
bee tunnel
square pattern - has to learn
then 3 tunnels - has to match sample and tunnel
results for working memory in honey bees
high performance with short delays
WM of up to 6.5 seconds
object permanence in macaques
higher neuronal firing rate in unexpected emergence
learning of abstract concepts in. bees
match first sample (odour or colour) to second samples to reach feeder
mental time travel in scrub jays
anticipate other birds stealing food during caching
suggests anticipation
theory of mind in chimpanzees
false belief tasks
look at target more than distractor
tool use in rhesus monkeys and humnas/ crows
similar activation for hand objects
humans have activation of inferior parietal lobe activation
crows - understanding of purpose
reciprocal social attention
exchanging gaze to better social interaction
inhibition of return
people naturally avoid revisiting locations previously searched
brain as predictor frameqork
generate hypothesis, collect data
test whether hypothesis predicts behaviour outcomes
improves ecological validity
shared space of effect/ shared network
information successfully transferred from one brain to another (hyper scanning) (similar to 2nd person neuroscience)
fusiform gyrus
face identification
amygdala and hippocampus
gaze direction, eye contact, emotion
when do babies first direct attention to eyes
by 3 months
multisensory neuron with receptive field
visual stimulation near hand
body-part-centered
spatial remapping
interference between visual and tactile stimuli changes with posture
crossmodal congruency effect
perception one sensory modality is influenced by congruency/incongruency in another sensory modality
characteristics of body schema
modular, spatially coded (representation in external space), interpersonal (others actions same), updated with movement (posture), adaptable (tools), coherent (illusions), supra modal integration
theories of sensory conflict
visual dominance
modality precision
weighting based on uncertainty
behavioural inhibition v cognitive inhibition
B = stopping action
C =stopping mental processes
visual dominance hypothesis
visual info has more dominance
modality precision hypothesis
perception skewed towards the more reliable modality
body schema development
6 months
point of subjective equality
point where people cant distinguish what is taller (50%) - closer to vision in example (equally likely to say…)
normative v process model
how should be done vs how it is
normative integration
pick what minimised sensory uncertainty
integrating probabilities
low variance = low uncertainty
high variance = high uncertainty
