terms and identifications Flashcards
Thomas Jefferson
3rd president (2 terms) tied with Aaron Burr; US President from 1800-1808, Democratic-Republican with dreams of an agrarian society. attempting to limit central government powers-reduced the size of the military, eliminates many fed jobs, repeals excise taxes and lowered national debt.
HATE NATIONAL BANK
Louisiana Purchase
US Ministers sent to France to offer up to 10 million for New Orleans and a strip of land extending east to Florida-Napoleon needed funds for war with Britain, offers entire territory for 15 million. Purchase more than doubles the US, Jefferson’s hopes of an agrarian society, increases TJ’S popularity and weakens Federalist party.
War Hawks
Congressional election of 1810 brings in group pf young Democratic-Republicans toCongress, many from frontier states (KY,TN,OH)- eager for war with Britain and quickly gain significant influence in House of Reps, arguewar is only way to defend AM.honor, gain Canada and end Am.Indian resistance on fronties
Henry Clay
Leader of the war hawks in Congress, KY representative, later creates a financial plan for the US.
jOHN c. cALHOUN
Leader of the War hawks from South Carolina
Tecumseh
A shawnee leader who fought against US expansion into the MIdwest. with his brother Tenkswatawa, a religios leader known as the Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes.
William Henry Harrison
General at the Battle of Tippecanoe, later candidate and short term president, 9th president, whig party leader, dying just a month after taking office due to pnemonia, making him the first president to die in the office,
Battle of Tippecanoe
Army under Willian H. Harrison, ended efforts to form an Indian confederacy (Native American confederacy primarily composed of Shawnee tribes under the leadership of Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa). Harrison succesfully attacked and destroyed their village at Prophetstown effectively disturbing thier efforts to resist westward american expansion. A significant turning point in Native Aerican resistance against white settlement in the Northwest Territory. British gave limited aid to Tecumseh, yet Americans still blame BR for frontier problems.
Judicial Review
Supreme court exercises the power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was allowed by the constitution, the court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of federal government( marbury v madison)
John Marshall
Federalist judge appointed Chief Justice of the supreme Court at the end of John Adams’ presidency. Held the post for 34 years during which he exerted strong influence on the Supreme court and made many landmark decisions which strengthened the central govermnet, oftern at the expense of states’ rights.
Marbury v.Madison
- First major case decided by John Marshall-TJ had ordered Sec of State JMadz not to deliver commisions toFederalist judges appointed by John Adams, William Marbury sues for his commision. Marshall rules that Marbury has a right to his commission due to Judiciary Act of 1789, yet declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional (gives court too much power) therefore Marbury does not recieve commission.
Hartford Convention
December 1814, New England states threaten to secede from the Union just before the end of the war, oppose the wat and D-R government-radical federalists want amendments to the constitution and secession as a last resort. Reject calls for secession, but adopt proposals for a 2/3 majority of both houses needed for any future declaration of war.
Impressment
Britain captures US sailors from American merchant ships who it claimed were British citizens and forced them to serve in the British navy. This practice was a major contributing factor to the War of 1812 between the USA and Great Britain.
Embargo Act
a law passedin 1807 by president Thomas Jefforson that prohibited American ships from trading with any foreign nation, essentially closing off all American trade in an attempt to pressure Britain and France to respect.
war of 1812
War between US and Britain which ended with Treaty of Ghent. Resulted from the British impressment of US sailors into its navy, interference with American trade and support of Indian hostilities on the frontier.
Andrew Jackson
7th president of US; known for his expansionist policies, particularly the forced removal of Native Americans from their land via Indian Removal Act, oftern associated with the Trailof Tears and his strong support for a more democratic system that broadened white male suffrage, sometimes called “ Jacksonian Democracy”
Battle of NewOrleans
Led by Andrew Jackson, a decisive American victory against the British during War of 1812,pivotal moment in the war of 1812 due to the large British casualties and the strategic importance of the port city of New Orleans.
Treaty of Ghent
peace treaty signed between the united states and Great BR. on 1814 in Ghent.Belgium. this officially ended the War of 1812 by restoring pre-war borders and essentially leaving all territorial issues unresolved between Canada and US, no gain for either side
Lewis and Clark (EXPEDITION)
Afamous exploration journey, comissioned by president TJ to explore the newly acquired Louisana Purchase territory. charting a path westward across the continent to the Pacific Ocean, documenting the land, plants, animals and Native American tribes they encountered along the way.
Era of Good feelings
a period following the war 1812, characterized by a sense of national unity, reduced political partisanship, add a focus on economic growth, primarily during President James Monroe; federalist party significant;y weakened, democraticRepublicanParty as the primary political force
James Monroe
5th president, knowing for issuing the Monroe Doctrine in 1823; which declared that western hemisphere was off-limits to further European colonization and essentially asserted American dominance in the region.
American System
an economic plan proposed by Henry Clay; which advocates for 3 componenets. A protective tariff to promote American manufacturing, a national bank to stailize the economy, and federal funding for internal improvementslike roads and canals to facilitate trade between different regions of the country.
Second bank of US
a national bank established in 1816 under president Madison, designed to stabilize the American economy after war 1812. central bank that managed the nation’s currency held goverment deposits and regulatedstate banks.
robert fulton
american inventor known for designing and developing the first commercially successful steamboat, “Clermont”; this revolutionized river transportation; played important role in the growth of American commerce and industry.
Eli Whitney
” Cotton gin”- invented the cotton, 1793.simplifiedthe process of separating fiber from seeds, helped make cotton profitable staple of southern agriculture and gave new life to slavery in the south. also interchangeable parts- a manufacturing concept allow for standardized and easily replaceable parts in machines
Samuel Slater
Father of the American Revolution becaus ehe illegally brought BRITISH TEXTILE NACHINE DESIGNS TO THE US. Establishing first successful cotton spinning mill in US.
Lowell System
A labor system in the early 19th century textile mills, primarily in Massachusetts, where unmarried women from rural areas (mills girls) were employed in factories, often living in company provided boarding houses with strict rules and regulations with promise of better wages and educational opportunities compare to their farm life.
Cotton Gin
was a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that seperate cotton seed from cotton fibers.
Market Revolution
A period in early 19th century where US economy transfer from more agrarian economy to a more industrilized market-based system. Improvements of the manufacture of goods through improvements in transportation, industry and communucation.
McCulloch vs Maryland
landmark supreme court case established the principle of implied powers for the federal government, essentially deciding that Congress has the authority to enact laws beyond those explicitly listed in the Constitution if they are deemed “ necessary and proper” to carry out its enumerated powers.
Gibbons vs Ogden
US Supreme court decision reinforcing the commerce clause ( the federal govermnet’s right to regulate interstate commerce) of the constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the state of newyork’s granting of steamboat monopolies.
Missouri Compromise
a law that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while also prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase territories north of the 36 degree 30’ latitudeline
Monroe Doctrine
A policy declared by president James Monroe indicating that the US would not tolerate any further European colonization or interference in the affairs of the western hemisphere. Prevent European powers form establishing new colonies or reasserting control over newly independen nations in the Americas.
Nativists
people who hold a political stance favoring the interests of native born Americans over immigrants.priotize the well being and rights of people born i the united states over immigrants.
Know-Nothing Party
in the mid 19th century; a prominent example of a nativist political group; largely targeting Irish Catholic immigrants. Also known as the American Party. Members when asked responding “ i know nothing” about the activities of the party.
Nat Turner
prominent enslaved African American man who led a large slave rebellion in Southhampton Country, Virginia; which resulted in the deaths of multiple white people and led to severe repercussions for enslaved people. His rebelion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America
Slave codes
a set of strict laws enacted by various colonies in the united states that severely restricted the lives and freedom of enslaved people, defining them as property and limiting their rights to movement, assembly, education and legal protections essentially controlling their behavior and interactions with free people. Slaves were considered property, not people, no legal rights
Cyrus McCormich
the inventor of the mechanical reaper, a pivotal invention that significantly revolutionized agriculture by mechanizing the wheat harvesting process, leading to increased crop yields and contributing to westward expansion in the US. A horse drawn machine that efficiently cut wheat in large fields.
John Deere
a prominent american inventor who is most recognized for creating the steel plow, facilitated the westward expansion by allowing farmers to effectively cultivate the tough prairie soil.
Indian Removal Act (1830)
a law signed by President Andrew Jackson which authorized the government to negotiate with Native AMerican tribes living east of the Missisippi River to exchange their land to Indian Territory. This policy was largely driven by the desire of white settlers for more land in the southeast US,- “the trail of tears” forced march of the Cherokee nation that resulted in thousands of deaths.
Cheerokee Nation vs.Georgia/ Worcester vs Georgia
supreme court cases where the court ruled that native american tribes like the cherokee nation, were considered sovereign nations with distinct political entities. states like Georgia could not enforce their laws on tribal land, effectively establishing the principle of tribal sovereignity. But President Andrew Jackson refused to uphold it, leading to forced removal of Cherokee people.
Pet banks
state banks that president Andrew Jackson chose to deposit federal funds in after he vetoed the recharter of the second bank of the united states; thus giving these banks favored status due to their political loyalty to his administration the term “ pet” meaning they were seen as his favored banks; this action sparked the Bank War.
Erie Canal
A significant canal built in NY State that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, effectively linking the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, which facilitates the transportation of goods and people westward boosting economy of the region.
Specie Circular
executive order issued by Pr. Andrew Jackson in 1836 that mandated all federal lands must be purchased with gold or silver (specie) instead of paper money; to imit land speculation in the west by requiring hard currecy instead of easily accessible paper money; this policy a contributor to Panic of 1837.
Panic of 1837
Severe financial crisis that hit the United States in 1837 marked by widespread bank failures, plummeting property values, and high employment, largely due to Andrew Jackson’s policies regrading Second Bank of the united states ( specie circular) which drained funds from the banking system and cause a liquidity crisis.
universal white male suffrage
the political movement in the early 19th century that granted the right to vote to nearly all adult white men, regardless of property ownership essentially giving the majority of white males the ability to participate in elections, while still excluding women and people of color.
Party nominating convention
The new method of selecting candidates for political office, in which party members gather at a convention to choose their nominee.
John Quincy Adams
the sixth president, known for his skilled diplomacy particularly in securing Florida from Spain and formulating the Monroe;
” Corrupt Bargain”
The political deal made between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in 1824 Election; Clay as speaker of the house threw his support to Adams in exchange for being appointed secretary of state; effectively handing Adams the presidency even though Andrew Jackson had won the popular vote; this deal was considered corrupt because it apperead to be a backroom agreement to manipulate the election outcome.
Nullfication Crisis
political confrontation during 1830’s between the state of South Carolina and the federal government regarding the issue of tariffs. Souther states believed the tariffs were designed to protect Northern manufacturers who competed with the British.
Dorothea Dix
a prominent social reformer who campaigned extensively for improved treatment of the mentally ill in the United states, advocating for the establishment of mental asylums and better conditions wihtinthem; her work significantly impacted the development of mental healthcare systems.
Susan B Anthony
a prominent American activist who spearheaded the women’s suffrage movement, a leading figure in the fight for women’s equality
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
a prominent leader of the 9th century women’s rights movement; specifally to vote; collaborating with Susan B Anthony
William Lloy Garrison
abolitionist who is most famous for publishing the anti-slavery newspaper “ the liberator” which advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves and played a crucial role in fueling the abolitionist movement.
Horace Mann
educational reformer, “ the father of the common school movement”, strongly advocated free, universal and non-sectarian public education, pushing for standardized curriculum and well-trained teachers to ensure quality education for all children in a democracy.
Lyman Beecher
prominent American Presbyterian minister and a leading figure in second great awakening, known for his passionate sermons advocating for religious revivalism adn social reform, being a vocal critic of Catholicism,
Henry David Thoreau
prominent American transcendentalist writer; against a government that supported slavery; wrote his beliefs in his book Walden.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
prominent American essayist, poet and philosopher; leading figure in Transcendentalist movement; famous for his essay like “Nature”, “ self reliance”
American temperance society
For the reduction of alcohol consumption. The society aimed to reduce alcohol abuse by promoting abstinence and urging individuals to pledge to avoid drinking.
Seneca falls convention
1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, was the first women’s rights convention in the United States. Organized by activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it brought together around 300 people to discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women. The convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments, a document modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which asserted the equality of men and women and demanded specific rights, including suffrage (the right to vote) for women. This convention marked the beginning of the organized women’s rights movement in the U.
