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Research Design > Terms and Definitions > Flashcards

Terms and Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree to which the result of a measurement,calculation, or specification conforms to the correct value or a standard.

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2
Q

Applied research

A

Research designed to find a solution to an immediate practical problem

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3
Q

Attrition effect

A

The loss of participants over the course of a study, which can create bias by changng the composition of the sample initially drawn

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4
Q

Basic research

A

Research designed to extend the base of knowledge in a discipline for the sake of knowledge production or theory construction, rather than for solving an immediate problem.

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5
Q

Before-after/pre-post test design

A

Before-after design: A design in which data are collected from subjects both before and after the introduction of an intervention

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6
Q

Case-control design

A

A nonexperimental research design involving the comparison of “case” (i.e., a person with the condition under scrutiny, such as lung cancer) and a matched control (a similar person without the condition)

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7
Q

Censored data

A

When the value of a measurement is only partially known.

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8
Q

Cluster sample

A

A form of sampling in which large groupings (“cluster”) are selected first (e.g., nursing schools), typically with successive subsampling of smaller units (e.g., nursing students) in a multistage approach.

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9
Q

Coding

A

The process of transforming raw data into standardized form for data processing and analysis; in quantitative rsearch, the process of attaching numbers to categories; in qualitative research the process of identifying and indexing recurring works, themes, or concepts within the data.

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10
Q

Cohort

A

A defined group of people. Cohort design is a nonexperimental design in which a cohort is followed over time to study outcomes for subsets of the cohorts: also called a prospective design.

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11
Q

Concurrent validity

A

The degree to which scores on an instrument are correlated with an external criterion, measured at the same time

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12
Q

Construct validity

A

The validity of inferences from observed persons, settings, and interventions in a study to the constructs that these instances might represent; with an instrument, the degree to which it measures the construct under investigation.

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13
Q

Content validity

A

The degree to which the items in an instrument adequately represent the universe of contenct for the concept being measured

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14
Q

Control variable

A

The variable that holds constant extraneous influences on the dependent variable under study

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15
Q

Convenience sample

A

Selection of the most readily available persons as participants in a study; sometimes called accidental sampling.

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16
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

a type of observational study that involves data collecction from a population, or representative subset, at one specific point in time.

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable hypothesixed to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable); the outcome variable of interest.

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18
Q

Descriptive research

A

Research that typically has as its main objective the accurate protrayal of people’s characteristics or circmstances and/or the frequency with which certain phenomena occur

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19
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

A hypotheses that makes a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between two variables.

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20
Q

Double-blind experiment

A

An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects of the experiment nor the persons administering the experiment know the critical aspects of the experiment; used to guard against both experimenter bias and placebo effects.

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21
Q

Endogenous variable

A

In path analysis, a variable whose variation is determined by other variables within the model

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22
Q

Exogenous variable

A

In path analysis, a variable whose determinants lie outside the model

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23
Q

Experimental design

A

a method of research in the social sciences in which a controlled experimental factor is subjected to a special treatment for purposes of comparision with a factor kept constant.

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24
Q

Experimental mortality

A

the loss of subjects

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25
Q

Explanatory research

A

Explanatory research can be defined as a method or style of research in which the prinicipal objective is to know and understand the trait and mechanisms of the relationship and association between the independent and dependent variable.

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26
Q

Exploratory research

A

A study that explores the dimensions of a phenomenon or that develops or refines hypotheses about relationships between phenomena

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27
Q

External validity in terms of design

A

The degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied

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28
Q

Face validity

A

The extent to which a measuring instrument looks as though it is measuring what it purports to measure

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29
Q

Forced-choice question

A

A question requiring respondents to choose between two statements that represent polar positions

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30
Q

Group Matching

A

Matching: The pairing of subjects in one group with those in another group based on their similarity on one or more dimension, to enhance the overall comparibility of the group

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31
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

The effect on the dependent variable resluting from subjects’ awareness that they are participants under study

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32
Q

History effect

A

History threat: the occurrence of events external to an intervention, but concurrent with it, that can affect the dependent variable and threaten the study’s internal validity

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33
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement of predicted population parameters or relationships between variables

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34
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the manipulated (treatment) variable

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35
Q

Instrumentation effect

A

Instrumentaiton threat: The threat to the internal validity of the study that can arise if the researcher changes the measuring instrument between two points of data collection

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36
Q

Internal validity in terms of design

A

The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental intervention (independent variable), rather than uncontrolled, extraneous factors, is responsible for observed effects.

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37
Q

Interview

A

A data collection method in which an interviewer asks questions of a respondent, either face-t-face or by telephone

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38
Q

Longitudinal study

A

A study designed to collect data at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study

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39
Q

Maturation effect

A

Maturation thread: A threat to the internal validity of a study that results when changes to the outcome measure (dependent variable) result from the passage of time

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40
Q

Measurement

A

The assignment of numbers to objects according to specified rules to characterize quantities of some attribute

41
Q

Non-equivalent design

A

A quasi-experimental design involving a comparison group that was not created through random assignment

42
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A hypothesis predicting no relationship between the variables under study; used primarily in statistical testing as the hypothesis to be rejected

43
Q

One-to-one matching

A

the process of combining observations from two or more data sets into one observation, using two or more SET statements to read observations independently from each data set. (match-merging)

44
Q

Open-ended question

A

A question in an interview or questionnaire that does not restrict respondents’ answers to preestablished alternatives

45
Q

Panel study

A

A longitudinal survey study in which data are collected from the same people (a panel) at two or more points in time

46
Q

Policy research

A

Social scientific research which has non-university groups as its main intended audience. Attempts to apply social scientific findings to solution of problems identified by the client.

47
Q

Population

A

The entire set of individuals or objects having some common characteristice (e.g., all RNs in Canada); sometimes called universe

48
Q

Power

A

The ability of a design or analysis strategy to detect true relationships that exist among variables

49
Q

Precision

A

In statistics, the extent to which random errors have been rduced, usually expressed in terms of the width of the confidence interval around an estimate

50
Q

Predictive validity

A

The degree to which an instrument can predict a criterion observed at a future time

51
Q

Pretest

A

(1) the collection of data prior to the experimental intervention; sometimes called baseline data. (2) The trial administraiton of a newly developed instrument to identify problems or assess time requirments.

52
Q

Primary data

A

Data observed or collected directly from first-hand experience.

53
Q

Probability sample

A

The selection of sampling units (e.g., participnats) from a population using random procedures (e.g., simple random sampling)

54
Q

Prospective study

A

Watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease. Usually involves taking a cohortof subjects and watching them over a long period.

55
Q

Questionnaire

A

A document used to gather self-report data via self-administration of questions

56
Q

Quota sample

A

A nonrandom sampling method in which “quotas” for certain sample characterstics are established to increase the representativeness of the sample

57
Q

Random sample

A

The selection of a sample such that each member ofa population has an equal probability of being included

58
Q

Reactivity

A

A measurement distortion arising from the study participant’s awareness of being observed, or, more generally, from the effect of the measurement procedure itself

59
Q

Reliability

A

The degree of consistency or dependablity with which an instrument measures an attribute

60
Q

Research design

A

The overall plan for addressing a research question, including specifications for enhancing the study’s integrity

61
Q

Retrospective study

A

looks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study.

62
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population comprising those selected to participate in a study

63
Q

Sample weights

A

A statistical correction factor that compensates for a sample design that tends to over-or under-represent various segments within a population.

64
Q

Sampling error

A

The fluctuation of the value of a statistic from one sample to another drawn from the same population

65
Q

Sampling frame

A

A list of all elements in the populatoin, from which the sample is drawn

66
Q

Secondary data

A

Data collected by someone other than the user.

67
Q

Selection effect

A

Selection threat (self-selection): A threat to the internal validity of the study resulting from preexisting differences between groups under staudy; the differences affect the dependent variable in whays extraneous to the effect of the independent variable

68
Q

Self-fulfilling prophesy

A

A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

69
Q

Statistical conclusion validity

A

The degree to which inferences about relationships from a statistical analysis of the data are correct

70
Q

Statistical inference

A

The process of drawing inferences about the population based on information from a sample, using laws of probabliity

71
Q

Stratified sample

A

A sample drawn from a number of separate strata of the population, rather than at random from the whole population, in order that it should be representative.

72
Q

Survey

A

Designed to obain information about the prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of phenomena within a population

73
Q

Testing effect

A

Testing threat: A threat to a study’s internal validity that occurs when the administration of a pretest or base-line measure of a dependent variable results in changes on the variable, apart from the effect of the independent variable

74
Q

Type I (alpha) error

A

An error created by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true (i.e., the researcher concludes that a relationship exists when in fact it does not - a false positive)

75
Q

Type II (beta) error

A

An error created by accepting the null hypothesis when it is false (i.e., the researcher concludes that no relationship exists ehn in fact it does - a false negative)

76
Q

Unit of observation analysis

A

The Unit desribed by one’s data

77
Q

Validity

A

A quality criterion referring to the degree to which inferences made in a study are accurate and well-founded: in measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

78
Q

rater-interrater reliability

A

Degree of agreement among raters.

79
Q

Sampling Strategy

A

probability vs non-probability, Randomized vs non-randomized, purposeful

80
Q

Qualitative Research

A

The investigation of phenomena, typically in an in-depth and holistic fashion, through, through the collection of rich narrative materials using a flexible research design.

81
Q

CV

A

a way to control variance

82
Q

Quantitative Research

A

The investigation of phenomena that lend themselves to precise measurement and quantification, often involving a rigorous and controlled design.

83
Q

Phenomenological

A

A qualitative research tradition, with roots in philosophy and psychology, that focuses on the lived experience of humans.

84
Q

non experimental

A

no randomization,no manipulation

85
Q

concurrent study

A

A study design for a mixed methods study in which the qualitative and quantitative strands of data collection occur simultaneously; symbolically designated with a plus sign, as in QUAL + QUAN

86
Q

Outcomes Research

A

Investigates the outcomes

87
Q

Intervention

A

IV is intervention

88
Q

Self report bias

A

influenced by social desirability

89
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

The selection of sampling units (e.g., participants) from a population using non-random procedures (e.g., convenience and quota sampling).

90
Q

Fidelity

A

re interventions= are they what they are meant to be. Not well described and questionable methods of administration of IV. Are you doing what you say you’re doing? An internal validity issue.

91
Q

Parametric tests

A

A class of statistical tests that involve assumptions about the distribution of the variables and the estimation of a parameter

92
Q

Parameter

A

A characteristic of a population (e.g., the mean age of all U.S. citizens).

93
Q

Nonparametric tests

A

A class of statistical tests that do not involve stringent assumptions about the distribution of critical variables.

94
Q

Post hoc test

A

A test for comparing all possible pairs of groups following a significant test of overall group differences (e.g., in an ANOVA).

95
Q

Wilcoxon signed ranks test

A

A nonparametric statistical test for comparing two paired groups, based on the relative ranking of values between the pairs.

96
Q

within-subjects design

A

A research design in which a single group of subjects is compared under different conditions or at different points in time (e.g., before and after surgery).

97
Q

Factor analysis

A

A statistical procedure for reducing a large set of variables into a smaller set of variables with common underlying dimensions.

98
Q

Factor rotation

A

The second phase of factor analysis which, during which the reference axes for the factors are moved to more clearly align variables with a factor.

99
Q

Factorial design

A

An experimental design in which two or more independent variables are simultaneously manipulated, permitting a separate analysis of the main effects of the independent variables and their interaction.

Research Design (1 decks)

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