terms and definitions Flashcards
The symbols quickly identify the type of hazard associated with a chemical substance.
WHMIS - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
Provides more detailed information than WHMIS.
Each chemical substance has this. This tells you important things like Health risks of exposure, Personal protective equipment (PPE) to wear when handling it, etc.
SDS - Safety Data sheet
anything that has a mass and volume.
matter
amount of matter in a substance, Measured in grains or Kilograms
mass
The amount of space occupied by a Substance, measured in liters or milliliters
volume
any characteristic that can be used to describe matter. There are two types of properties: physical and chemical.
property
any characteristic of matter that can ONLY be observed when substances react with each other and matter is changed to create new substances.
chemical property
Any characteristic of matter that can be measured or observed without changing the type of matter in a substance. In other words, no chemical reaction is needed to observe that property.
physical property
the degree to which the material reflects light. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
lustre and it is qualitative and physical
ability to be beat or beaten into sheets. Is it qualitative or quantitative? Is it physical or chemical? `
malleability and it is qualitative and physical
degree to which the substance combines with another substance. Is it physical or chemical?
reactivity and is chemical.
degree to which a substance burns. Is it physical or chemical?
combustibility and is chemical
describe without numbers
Qualitative
described or measured using numbers
Quantitative
solid, liquid, gas. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
state and is qualitative and physical.
colour. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
colour and it is qualitative and physical
ability to be drawn into wires. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
ductility and it is qualitative and physical
Appearance and feel of the surface. Is it qualitative or quantitative? Is it physical or chemical?
Texture and it is qualitative and physical.
Tendency to be attracted to a magnet. Is it qualitative or quantitative? Is it physical or chemical?
Magnetism is qualitative and physical.
Ability to be dissolved in water. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
Solubility and it is quantitative and physical.
resistance to flow. Is it qualitative or quantitative? Is it physical or chemical?
viscosity and it is quantitative and physical.
ratio to a material’s mass to its volume. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
density and it is quantitative and it is physical
.
temperature of freezing/melting. Is it qualitative or quantitative? is it physical or chemical?
melting point and it is quantitative and physical
temperature of boiling/condensing. Is it qualitative or quantitative? Is it physical or chemical?
boiling point and it is quantitative and physical.
degree to which a substance reacts in the body to produce harmful substances. is it property or chemical?
toxicity and it is chemical.
substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts or changed into another substance.
element
the basic unit of all matter. They are the smallest pieces of matter that still have the properties of that matter.
atom
scientist tried to describe the properties of atoms but they cannot see it, so they made their ideas without ever touching or seeing the atom by making inferences
atomic theory
small particles with a negative electric charge
electrons
a subatomic particle with a neutral charge and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton.
neutrons
positively charged particles
protons
the small and dense central part of an atom. It contains protons and neutrons.
nucleus
smaller particles that make up an atom including protons, neutrons and electrons.
Subatomic particles
supported by evidence but may be difficult to test or prove with experiments. more evidence may be needed for acceptance by the scientific community. attempt to explain phenomena and can often change with more evidence.
scientific theory
supported by a variety of repeated experiments and the evidence must hold up to many different tests. describe rather then explain phenomena and can change if new evidence arrives.
scientific law
ideas that are based on little to no evidence. To be useful such ideas must be testable through observation and experimentation. Hypotheses are examples of this
conjunction
a conclusion based on available evidence and logical reasoning.
inference
A substance made of more than one element bonded together. It has different properties than the individual elements.
compound
May be 1, 2 or 3 letters
1st letter is always capitalized
2nd and 3rd letters must be lowercase.
Ex 1: Oxygen = O
Ex 2: Cobalt = Co
element compound
The symbol for each element must be shown! There will be one capital letter present for each element in a compound (one for each element symbol).
example: KNO3
chemical compound
a chart that organizes all of the elements based on their mass AND properties.
periodic table
the little number in the top left hand corner that represent the number of Protons in the atom of the element.
atomic number
the decimal number on the bottom that represents the average mass of the different atoms of the element.
atomic mass
represents the sum of protons and electrons of an atom. we will assume that mass number for each element will be a rounded mass.
mass number
-these are all solid except for mercury.
- all are lustrous
- all are malleable
- good conductors of electricity and heat.
metals
- a mix of properties from metals and non-metals!
- All solids
- Shiny OR dull
- malleable OR brittle
- Better conductors than non-metals but worse than metals.
metalloids
- Basically the opposite of metals!
- Include elements of varying states (Solids, liquids and gases)
- Generally not lustrous (dull)
- Non-malleable (brittle)
- Poor conductors or do not conduct electricity and heat
non-metals
horizontal rows numbered 1 to 7. Atomic # increases across a period.
periods
arranged in vertical columns numbered 1 to 18. Elements in the same group often have similar properties
groups
a group of elements in the periodic table.
chemical family
-React strongly with both oxygen and water.
-Very soft metals. Can be cut with a knife.
-Low melting points for metals (all melt below 200OC)
-Reactivity increases going down the family (ie: K is more reactive than Na)
alkali metals (group 1)
-Less reactive than alkali metals, but also react with water.
-Produce bright coloured flames when burned in air. (Used in fireworks!)
alkaline earth metals (group2)
Some similarities exist in each column (Ex: copper, silver, and gold all resist corrosion.)
transition metals (group 3-16)
-Highly reactive non-metals
-Only family that contains each state at room temperature:
Gases: F and Cl
Liquid: Br
Solids: I and At
-Reactivity increases going UP the group (F is the most reactive)
halogens (group 17)
-Stable elements (means they do not react)
-All are naturally colourless and odourless gases
-They glow different colours when electricity is passed through them. (Like neon lights)
Noble gases (group 18)
regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are found. They are also called ‘electron shells’.
energy levels
The highest (outermost) energy level in an atom containing electrons. It is the same as the period number for that element.
valance energy levels
electrons found in the highest energy level of an atom.
valence electrons
shows the arrangement of all subatomic particles within an atom.
A Bohr-Rutherford Diagram
matter composed of only one type of substance. It can be made of only one type of atom OR one type of compound.
Ex: pure gold is made only of gold atoms. It is a pure element.
pure substance
an attraction between the atoms of two or more different elements. These attractions result from either sharing or transferring electrons between atoms.
chemical bond
C12H22O11 and Fe2O3 are examples of
chemical formula
the small numbers found to the right of each element.
subscript
atoms of two or more different non-metal elements bonded together.
molecular compounds (also known as Covalent Compounds)
ions of metal and non-metal elements are bonded together.
ionic compounds
a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds
molecules
the numbers we used to show how many atoms are in each compound are:
prefix
Appearance changes without rearranging the chemical structure. No new substances are formed. The matter may look different, but the properties of the matter remain the same.
physical changes
Any change in which the chemical structure of a substance is changed. One or more new substances are formed. The properties of the new substance(s) are different from the original substance.
Chemical changes are also called chemical reactions.
chemical changes
When matter changes from one physical form to another as energy is added or removed. As energy is added to a substance, its particles move more rapidly. The amount of energy absorbed by those particles determines whether the substance is a solid, liquid, or a gas
change of state
how something soild turns into a liquid
melting
how something liquid turns solids
freezing
when something liquid turns into a gas
evaporation
when a gas turns a liquid
condensation
when something solid turns into a gas
sublimation
when a gas turns into a solid
deposition
the breaking down or destruction of a material through a chemical change.
corrosion
Typically oxygen reacting with another compound to release energy as heat!
combustion
the prefix for 1
mono
prefix for 2
di
prefix for 3
tri
prefix for 4
tetra
prefix for 5
penta
prefix for 6
hexa
prefix for 7
hepta
prefix for 8
octa
prefix for 9
nona
prefix for 10
deca
what is this : C12H22O11
table sugar
what is this: CH4
methane
what is this: CO2
carbon dioxide
what is this: H2O
water
what is this: NaCl
table salt
what is this: CaCO3
calcium Carbonate
what is this: NaOH
sodium Hydroxide
the signs that chemical changes have occured:
-change in colours
-A precipitate (solid) forms when mixing clear solutions
-Heat is absorbed or released (temperature change)
-Gas is observed (often as bubbling)
-Change in smell
