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cmb lec lesson 6 > terms and definitions > Flashcards

terms and definitions Flashcards

1
Q

mediate the communication between cells in multicelluar organisms

A

extracellular signal molecules

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2
Q

process the signal inside the receiving cell

A

intracellular signaling proteins

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3
Q

lie at the end of signaling pathways

A

effectors

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4
Q

important during development and in immune responses

A

contact-dependent signaling

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5
Q

act only on cells in the local environment

A

local mediators

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6
Q

four forms of intracellular signaling

A

contact-dependent signaling, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, endocrine signaling

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7
Q

form of signaling that requires cells to be in direct membrane contact

A

contact dependent

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8
Q

depends on local mediators that are released into the extracellular space

A

paracrine signaling

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9
Q

performed by neurons that transmit signals electrically along their axons

A

synaptic signaling

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10
Q

depends on endocrine cells which secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine signaling

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11
Q

requires a differet combination of survival and differentiation of signals

A

terminal differentiation

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12
Q

three major casses of cell-surface receptor proteins

A

ion channel, GPCR, enzyme coupled receptor

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13
Q

transmitter-gated ion channels involved in synaptic signaling

A

ion channel coupled receptor

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14
Q

indirectly regulating the activity of a separate plasma membrane bound target protein

A

GPCR

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15
Q

single pass transmembrane proteins that have their ligand binding outside the cell and their catalytic or enzyme binding site insite

A

enzyme coupled receptor

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16
Q

generate in large amounts in response to their receptor activation

A

second messengers

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17
Q

examples of second messengers

A

camp, DAG, ip3

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18
Q

a second messenger that is water soluble and diffuse into the cytosol

A

camp

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19
Q

a second messenger that is lipid soluble and diffuse in the plane of PM

A

DAG

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20
Q

a second messenger that is water soluble and opens the ca2+ channel in the ER

A

ip3

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21
Q

two types of molecular switches

A

protein kinase, gtp binding protein

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22
Q

adds one or more phosphate groups to specific amino acids

A

protein kinase

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23
Q

two types of protein kinase

A

serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases

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24
Q

they switch between and on state when gtp is bound and an off state when gdp is bound

A

gtp binding proteins

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25
Q

bring together groups of interacting signalling proteins into signaling complexes

A

scaffold proteins

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26
Q

these are the specialized behaviors that produce a response appropriate for cell function

A

response timing, sensitivity, dynamic range, persistence, signal processing, integration, coordination

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27
Q

these are feedback loops

A

positive and negative feedbacks

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28
Q

in this feedback the output stimulates its own production and can transform the behavior of the responding cell, producing an all or none response

A

positive feedback

29
Q

in this feedback, the output inhibits its own production

A

negative feedback

30
Q

our senses of sight, smell and taste depend on these receptors

A

GPCR

31
Q

three subunits of g proteins

A

a, b, y

32
Q

an enzyme that synthesize camp from ATP

A

adenyl cyclase

33
Q

produced by the bacterium that causes cholera and catalyzes the transfer of ADP ribose from NAD+ to the alpha subunit; found in the epithelial cells in the intestint

A

cholera toxin

34
Q

causes pertussis, catalyzes the ADP ribosylation of th alpha subunit, preventing the protein from interacting with the receptors, found in the lungs

A

pertussis toxin

35
Q

phosphorylates specific serines of threonines

A

PKA

36
Q

recognize odors; the receptors are displayed on the surface of the modified cilia

A

olfactory receptors

37
Q

in mammals, their function is to relax smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels

A

nitric oxide

38
Q

types of NOS

A

eNOS, nNOS, iNOS

39
Q

NOS in epithelial cells

A

eNOS

40
Q

NOS in nerve and muscle cells

A

nNOS

41
Q

three general modes of adaptation

A

sequestration, down regulation, inactivation

42
Q

largest enzyme coupled receptor

A

RTK

43
Q

function of RAS

A

molecular switch, cycling between GTP and GDP

44
Q

quickly reverse the phosphorylation in tyrosines

A

tyrosone-specific protein phosphatases

45
Q

activate RAS

A

RAS-GEF

46
Q

inactivate RAS

A

RAS-GAPA

47
Q

THREE COMPONENTS OF MAP KINASE MODULE

A

MapK, MapKK, MapKKK

48
Q

regulate both the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons

A

rho family

49
Q

three character

A

rho, rac cdc42

50
Q

PI 3-Kinase

A

phosphorylates inositol phospholipids and promote cell survival

51
Q

cleaved by PLCb to generate IP3

A

PI (4,5)P2

52
Q

not cleaved by PLC and remains only in the PM

A

PI(3,4,5)P3

53
Q

produce intracellular signaling proteins bind to PI(3,4,5)P3

A

PH domain

54
Q

major pathway activated by the hormone insulin

A

pi-3-kinase Akt

55
Q

two serine/threonine kinases with PH domains

A

Akt and PDK1

56
Q

receptors for some hormones; associated tyrosines kinases called janus kinases (JAKs)

A

cytokine receptors

57
Q

activate transcription regulators called STATs

A

JAKs

58
Q

best known for its role in the production of drosophilia neural cells

A

notch receptor protein

59
Q

process that depends on a contact dependnet signaling mechanism that is activated by a single pass transmembrane signal protein called Delta

A

lateral inhibition

60
Q

binds b-catenin and acts as degradation complex

A

protein degradation complex

61
Q

four proteins of the protein degradation omplex

A

casein kinase 1, glycogen synthase kinase 3, axin, APC

62
Q

sleep wake cycles of humans, anticipate the regular daily changes and take appropriate action in advance

A

circadian clocks

63
Q

controls our diurnal cycles of sleeping and waking, body temperature and hormone release

A

SCN cells

64
Q

a plant regulator responsible for stress signal in response to wounding, infection

A

ethylene

65
Q

interacts with CTR1, dimeric

A

ethylene receptors

66
Q

helps plans grow toward light

A

auxin

67
Q

dimeric, cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases which respon differentially and reversibly to red and far red light

A

phytochromes

68
Q

sensitive to blue light and have an important role in circadian clocks

A

cryptochromes

cmb lec lesson 6 (2 decks)

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