Terms and Definitions

Question 1

Ma’at

Answer 1

Order in Egyptian Cosmotology
Isfet and Ma’at built a complementary and also paradoxical dualism: one could not exist without its counterpart

Question 2

Narmer Palette

Answer 2

Cosmological Egyptian tablet establishes the king as a visual metaphor of the conquering hunter caught in the moment of delivering a mortal blow to his enemies

Question 3

League of Nations

Answer 3

Predecessor to the United Nations, rose out of world war 1, and orchestrated the Greek-Turkish population exchanges

Question 4

Isfet

Answer 4

Chaos, disorder in Egyptian Cosmotology
Isfet and Ma’at built a complementary and also paradoxical dualism: one could not exist without its counterpart

Question 5

1967 War

Answer 5

Due to heightening tensions and misinformation from the USSR, Israel attacked Syria and Egypt, occupying Golan Heights, the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, and the West bank. The war only took 6 days, and it was a swift and decisive Israeli victory, proving their military dominance in the region.

Question 6

The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations (Greek-Turkish population exchange)

Answer 6

Orchestrated by the League of Nations
Signed by Greek and Turkish leaders in Lausanne in 1923
Compulsory migration of 1.5 million “Greeks” from Turkey and 350,000 to 500,000 Muslims from Greece
European power thought that people of different ethnicities and religions could not live together peacefully (especially Britain)

Question 7

Pharaoh/Pharaonic Kingship, esp. The King’s body

Answer 7

Khafra embodies the god Horus (symbol is Falcon)
Kingship: role and basis for authority
Religious: association with the sun god Ra and concept Ma’at
The King’s body was a way of expressing the state; worn iconography expressed King’s power and such.
King ultimately responsible for maintenance of order, in a cosmic sense, by performing rituals at cult temples and interceding with the gods on behalf of his people while living
Not a living god, fulfilling a role of connection

Question 8

First Intifada

Answer 8

In December 1987 and in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, popular mobilization for Palestinian autonomy (not organized by PLO leadership in Tunis) began. For the first few years, it included mass demonstrations, civil disobedience, strikes, refusal to pay taxes, boycotts of Israeli products, establishing of “freedom schools”, and political graffiti. More violent measures such as roadblocks, Molotov cocktails, and brick throwing were also used. The uprising was brutally put down with Israeli officials instructed to break the bones of demonstrators and over 1,000 people were killed. Mass arrests also occurred, having the organizers of the Intifada arrested, losing the movement’s momentum. It continued for a few more years.

Question 9

Population; population engineering

Answer 9

• Forced migration,
  displacement, and relocation
• Ethnic cleansing

Question 10

Deseret

Answer 10

“The red land,” Egypt’s desert.

Question 11

Oslo Accords

Answer 11

Secret talks initiated by Israeli officials with PLO officials in Oslo, producing the Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles, which was signed in Washington in September 1993. The principles mutually recognized Israel and the PLO.

Question 12

Migration; expulsion; displacement

Answer 12

Population exchange was a form of ethnic cleansing that aimed to create a more homogenous population and to consolidate religious-ethnic uniformity.
When differences are implemented and coded, it divides groups that could have lived together perfectly fine

Question 13

Kemet

Answer 13

“The black land,” the fertile banks of the Nile’s flood plain.

Question 14

Second Intifada

Answer 14

The second uprising of Palestinian rights and autonomy in late September 2000. The second intifada was much bloodier than the first and it included, mass demonstrations, throwing of rocks and bricks, Israeli forces shooting over 1 million live bullets at unarmed Palestinian protestors, use of military force on PA installations, and shelling and bombardment of residential neighborhoods. The second intifada was described as an armed conflict “short of war.” Palestinian and Israeli talks only resumed in 2001 (importantly, without the United States). In 2002, there was a full tank invasion of the West Bank by Israel.

Question 15

Ethnic cleansing

Answer 15

Border making is inherently violent, codifying differences to make an ethnically homogenous nation in an attempt to justify the nation-state involves lots of ethnic cleansing.

Question 16

Archaeological Culture

Answer 16

Archaeologists infer differences in behavior and beliefs aka ethnic or group identity through material and/or linguistic patterns as preserved in the material traces of past actions. This can be problematic and difficult since we are not able to access the point of view of ancient peoples, who may have interpreted material culture choices very differently.

Question 17

The Occupied Territories

Answer 17

Territories meant for Palestinians (West Bank and Gaza Strip), but currently occupied by Israel. Gaza strip was at one point occupied by Egypt and the West Bank was originally annexed and occupied by Jordan. Both are currently under Israeli control.

Question 18

Codifying religion as racial difference

Answer 18

Religion was turned into ethnicity and race through actions by the Orthodox Greeks welcoming Greek invading troops, looting cities, and them already being a minority groups led to them being marginalized and associated with Greece (Turkey’s enemy at the time) which in turn lead to them being seen as an ethnicity.
Vice versa, those who practiced Islam in Greece were seen as Turkish (the state’ major corresponding religion)

Question 19

Archaeological definitions of border, boundary, frontier

Answer 19

Boundary – Line
Border – Zone
Frontier – Border that is at the edge of a political zone that is moving and changing (implies there is a state)

Question 20

Gaza Strip

Answer 20

The Gaza Strip, home to approximately 2 million Palestinians, the majority of whom are 1948 refugees and their descendants, has been entirely enclosed by a barrier and
buffer zones monitored by Israel and Egypt.

Question 21

Challenges of identifying “Turk” and “Greek”

Answer 21

E.g. Protestant and Catholic Greeks; Arabs, Albanians, Russians, Serbians, Romanians of the Greek Orthodox religion; the Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek Muslims of the Balkans, and the Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox

Question 22

Ethnicity, Ethnic visual stereotypes

Answer 22

Ethnicity, is defined broadly as a sense of group identity based on options of shared descent, kinship, and/or affinity, is often involved in the conceptualization or creation of borders or boundaries between people.

Question 23

1948 War

Answer 23

Britain left Palestine in 1948, making a power vacuum, causing the 1948 war (Arabs lost). Jewish state took lots of land meant for Arab state, ending in Rhodes Armistice Line in 1949.

Question 24

Politics of difference

Answer 24

This politics of difference argues that many important differences are routinely and systematically oppressed

Question 25

Territoriality

Answer 25

Territoriality is a term associated with nonverbal communication that refers to how people use space (territory) to communicate ownership or occupancy of areas and possessions.

Question 26

Fatah

Answer 26

Largest Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) group.

Question 27

Refugee issue (in French Syria)

Answer 27

Population engineering along the border
Turkey:
Turkification
Internal pacification
Armenians and Kurds were cast as enemies of the state and settled along the border with Turkey to solidify it
Border politics: settling Turkmens and objecting to France settling “undesirables” (Armenians and Kurds) along the border
French-Syria
France wanted to suppress Arab nationalism
The refugee issue
No Syrian people were involved in the negotiations
The governments were manipulating populations for their own ends
Turkey purposely de-stabilized the border so they could intervene in the border and justify themselves

Question 28

Nine Bows

Answer 28

Foreign forces (nine kingdoms)

Question 29

Hamas

Answer 29

An Islamist group that emerged in the 1980s and is not part of the PLO and diminished the power of the PLO as they gained power.

Question 30

The Franklin-Bouillon Ankara agreement (1921)

Answer 30

This treaty changed the Syria–Turkey border set by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres to the benefit of Turkey, ceding it large areas of the Aleppo and Adana vilayets.

Question 31

Smiting Scene

Answer 31

The victory of the king over Egypt’s enemies was represented through different images, such as: (1) The king smiting his enemies, an image that appeared in the Naqada II period and was carved on the walls of Egyptian temples until the Graeco-Roman period. In the depiction, the king wielded a mace in his raised right hand and seized the hair of the enemies with his other hand;

Question 32

West Bank

Answer 32

Largest Palestinian territory

Question 33

Bodies

Answer 33

Bodies affect borders and bodies make borders and territory

Question 34

Characteristics of the State in Ancient Egypt

Answer 34

State run by royal decree (usually male)
Administration by districts and bureaucrats
Agrarian economy directed by the state
Most land is tenant farmed
State-controlled labor (people owed labor to the state)
State is mainly insular and inward-looking during Old Kingdom, but branches a bit outwards in New Kingdom
Egypt extraordinary in its lifespan as a state

Question 35

Political geography definitions of boundary, border

Answer 35

• Boundary: physical (river, mountains, etc.);
  more fixed (a wall)
• Border: zones; more ambiguous, fluid,
  porous, and complex

Question 36

Convention of Friendship and Good Neighborly Relations between Turkey and France (1926)

Question 37

Egyptian Cosmology

Answer 37

Cosmology and religion were at the core of Egyptian society and guided everything from the pharoah to the perception of the physical world around them. Particularly, the concepts of Ma’at and Izfet guide the perception of Egyptian identities (Ma’at) and foreign identities (Izfet).
Duality was essential both to the ideological construction of the state and to Egyptian understand of the functioning of the cosmos

Question 38

Border as paradoxical space

Answer 38

Borders as paradoxical; Borders as sites of encounter, contestation, and resistance; Borders in motion
- Borders are increasingly militarized, but borders are becoming more and more easily crossed. (paradoxical borders)

Question 39

Turkification

Answer 39

Turkification was the construction of a Turkish ethnic identity to legitimize its own existence
Ideal was ethnically ‘Turk’ and Muslim
Confiscating minority properties and forcing out minorities who were born in Turkey

Question 40

Amun-Ra

Answer 40

Amun-Ra was the chief of the Egyptian gods. In the early days of Egyptian civilization, he was worshipped as two separate gods. Amun was the god who created the universe. Ra was the god of the sun and light, who traveled across the sky every day in a burning boat.

Question 41

“Borders in motion”

Answer 41

Crossing of bodies across borders, borders being affected by bodies, frontiers, etc.

Question 42

Landscape, “reading” the landscape as a method, “lie of the land”

Answer 42

“The landscape is the material discourse of contesting notions of what constitutes the urban, and who belongs in the nation, mediating the interchange between dominant and minority identities, and between memory and practice in memory and urban life”

Question 43

Nubia

Answer 43

Kingdom to the south of Egypt

Question 44

Border regions or borderlands

Answer 44

Unique zones of states where cultures interact away from the cores of each state and form a unique region/

Question 45

Nostalgia

Answer 45

Nostalgia for a time in Turkish history that didn’t exist, longing for a purely ethnically Turkish Kuzguncuk and Mahalle that never existed as the minorities made it was it was.

Question 46

Libya

Answer 46

Kingdom to the northwest of Egypt

Question 47

Territory

Answer 47

An area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state.

Question 48

Social memory

Answer 48

Social memory is the way people perceive themselves in response to a sense of belonging within a group with a common culture.

Question 49

Kushite Kingdom

Answer 49

An ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.

Question 50

Sovereignty

Answer 50

the authority of a state to govern itself or another state

Question 51

Minority

Answer 51

the smaller number or part, especially a number that is less than half the whole number. In context of ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, etc.

Question 52

Hadrian’s Wall

Answer 52

Hadrian’s wall was an assertion of political division that did not truly separate the people around it; created funnel points of crossing and interaction. Rare instance of state border using physical wall on a border.

Question 53

Nation-state

Answer 53

A nation state is a political unit where the state and nation are congruent. It is a more precise concept than “country”, since a country does not need to have a predominant ethnic group

Question 54

Mahalle (neighborhood)

Answer 54

Old multiethnic neighborhoods in Turkey that are looked back on with a sense of nostalgia due to things like tight-knit communities and green spaces.

Question 55

Foreigners in ancient Egypt

Answer 55

Ma’at and King’s dominance and power is usually depicted in art as a force of physical domination and violence
See smiting and violence in art in almost every era of Egypt
Literal depiction of domination of foreign peoples
Egyptians dominate other in order to maintain right rule and maintain Ma’at
Foreigners were hierarchically organized and ideologically useful to the establishment of authority and its justification

Question 56

Nationalism

Answer 56

A political ideology that puts a particular nation’s priorities over international concerns.

Question 57

Kuzguncuk

Answer 57

Neighborhood at the center of Mahalle nostalgia and editing of the landscape to cover up the minorities and their influences that made the neighborhood what it was in the first place. Major victim of gentrification in modern time.
* 1942 anti-minority Property
Tax
* 1955 anti-Greek riots
* 1964 deportation of Greeks
* 1974 Cyprus conflict

Question 58

Kadesh

Answer 58

The site of a major battle between the Egyptians and Hittites which was portrayed in a battle scene showing the Egyptians as strong and valiant and the Hittites as weak and chaotic.

Question 59

National identity

Answer 59

Sense of unity on the national level whether that be through religion, ethnicity, or simply nationality.

Question 60

US immigration law and citizenship

Answer 60

Very difficult to obtain asylum and visas, and bordering practices are violent and strict (especially on the US-Mexico border)

Question 61

Ancient Egypt: geography, climate and economy

Answer 61

Climate - Land defined by the Nile River and its floods.
Geography - Egypt was the green part of Nile, the border zones were ambiguously part of Egypt, The Western Desert, Fayyum Depression (seasonal lake), The Delta, The Eastern Desert, The Oases (none in eastern desert)
Economy - Egypt was very wealthy from agricultural yield (Wheat, barley, flax, papyrus), Animal Life was abundant
Mineral Resources were plentiful

Question 62

Treaty of Sevres

Answer 62

The Treaty of Sèvres was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceded large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well as creating large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire.

Question 63

Treaty of Lausanne

Answer 63

The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. As result of the Treaty, the Ottoman public debt was divided between Turkey and the countries which emerged from the former Ottoman Empire.