Terms And Concepts Flashcards
apex
The point at the top of a character such as the uppercase A where the left and right strokes meet is the apex. [Top]
Serif
A small line or stroke regularly attached to the end of a larger stroke in a letter or symbol within particular font or family of fonts
stem
The main, usually vertical stroke of a letterform
ascender
The part of a lower-case letter that extends above the x-line to near the height of a capital letter
Baseline
The imaginary line upon which a line of text rests
finial
A somewhat tapered curved end on letters such as the bottom of C ore or the top of a double-storey a. [Terminal”
counter
The area of a letter that is entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol (the counter-space/the hole of.
ear
A small stroke extending from the upper-right side of the bowl of lowercase g; also appears in the angled or curved lowercase r.
Cap height
Cap height of a typeface’s flat capital letters (such as M or I) measured from the baseline
Point size
In typography, the point is the smallest unit of measure. It is used for measuring font size, leading, and other items on a printed page.
Body size
The distance between the top of the tallest latterform to the bottom of the lowest one
bracket
A mostly curved (but sometimes more wedge-like) connection, which might appear, for example, at the connection of a serif and a stem.
crossbar
A bar that crosses between two other strokes, like in the capital A and H, and the small e. It is also one that crosses over a single vertical stroke, like that of the small f and t, although this is at times called a cross stroke.
Descender
The portion of some lowercase letters, such as g and y, that extends or descends below the baseline
link
A small, usually curved stroke that connects the bowl and loop of a double-storey g.
loop
A small, usually curved stroke that connects the bowl and loop of a double-storey g.
spur
A small projection off a main stroke.
leg
A small projection off a main stroke.
Vertical stress
This stress means means that the pressure/ compression takes place on a vertical axis, while the weight is located on a horizontal axis
tail
In typography, the descending, often decorative stroke on the letter O or the descending, often curved diagonal stroke on K or R.
bowl
In typography, the curved part of the character that encloses the circular or curved parts (counter) of some letters such as d, b, o, D, and B.
body clearance
Additional space above ascenders to facilitate higher projections of letterforms
Stress
The angle of inwards pressure onto a letter, which makes the letter thinner in some parts in relation to the angle of axis
x-height
The distance between the baseline and the mean line of lower-case letters in a typeface
arm
The horizontal stroke on some characters that does not connect to a stroke or stem at one or both ends. The top of the capital T and the horizontal strokes of the I and E are examples of it.
Typography —
style or appearance of the text; art of working with texts
Serif
serifs attached to the letter; classic, traditional projects, print publications (magazines and newspapers.
Sans
without serifs; clean, modern - easier to read on computer screens
What are display fonts?
Script, black letter, all caps, fancy. Decorative nature, small amount of texts, header, graphic designs
What are basic rules of font use?
less is more, limit yourself - repeat fonts in different styles
What is the rule based on complementariness and contrast?
Opposites attract - different but complimentary, short and tall, decorative and simple
Leading
- space between lines of text, line spacing. Default is usually fine - to read comfortably
Tracking
- space between characters
Hierarchy
guide the reader eyes - where to began anywhere to end, different levels of perception, what you want people to see first
Kerning
- space between specific characters
Typesetter
Converts electronic manuscript files into page proofs that conform to the design specs
Production editor:
Remains integral to the process by sending typeset pages to the author and one or more proofreaders, compiling revisions, and forwarding them to the typesetter; sending camera- or print-ready copy to the printer; and reviewing page proofs and a sample copy of the bound book
Reviews the typeset pages in search of errors made by the compositor or missed by the copyeditor
Proofreader
Printer:
Turns camera- or print-ready copy into bound books
Works magic on the manuscript to ensure consistency, clarity, accuracy, and
adherence with house style
Copyeditor:
Designer:
Works with the acquisitions editor to plan the format of the book, decide how to lay out the text and graphics on each page, and choose the fonts for the various page elements.
Editor-in-chief:
Oversees the editorial direction and related policies of the imprint or publishing house, including content, style, budgets, and the editorial staff.
Acquisitions editor:
Works with the editor-in-chief to acquire content and make decisions about upcoming title lists. The role varies from publisher to publisher: This person can have the actual title acquisitions editor or can be called an editor, senior editor, or executive editor depending on seniority and on how much staff and list management responsibility the position carries. Some acquisitions editors are heavily involved in editing, and others do the acquiring and then assign the actual editing to a more junior editor.
Assistant editor:
Handles some of the more mundane (but absolutely crucial) editorial and administrative tasks, such as researching competing titles, logging and doing reader’s reports on submissions, logging contracts and royalty statements, and writing copy for sales sheets.
Who invented movable type and when?
Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century Germany - dark, dense handwriting , later called: blackletter.
majuscules
uppercase
minuscules
Lowercase
Roman typeface: who and what was it like?
Nicolas created letters that combined gothic, calligraphic traditions with the new Italian taste for humanist handwriting, which were based on classical models
Who created typography?
Gutenberg
The weakness of blackletter?
Difficult to read
Roman typeface vs blackletter
Roman typeface was better than Blackletter because it was based on straight lines and regular curves which bade it very clear, legible.
What is the link between italics and roman typeface?
Italics is the slanted, stylized version of roman typeface.
What was William Caslon’s contribution to the development of typefaces?
Created a type old style, New standard for fonts - clear. legibility.
What is the difference between the three categories: Old Style (Caslon), Transitional (Baskerville), and Modern (Didot, Bodoni)?
- fixed serif, low contrast - Old
- thinner serif, higher contrast - Transitional
- very thing serif, extreme contrast - Modern
What did Caslon IV do?
Removed serfis and created sans-serif type
How did advertising influence use of typefaces?
Monster typeface: bigger, taller, wider
What was Futura typeface like?
simple, based on geometric shapes
What was Humanist Sans?
based on geometry, natural curves
What was Helvetica typeface like and what was special about it?
1957, simple curves, many weights, plenty degrees of being bold, favourite of people
William Caxton
was an English merchant , diplomat and writer. He is thought to be the first person to introduce a printing press into England , in 1476, and as a printer to be the first English retailer
of printed books. The printing press was installed in Westminster.
Body size
the vertical size of the body; originally measured from the top of the ‘d’ ascender to the bottom of the ‘p’ ascender. Evolved into: the point size of type: the measurement of a particular type size in whatever point units are being used.
Glyph
the actual shape of a character image, e.g. italic ‘a’ and a roman ‘a’ are two different glyphs but they represent the same underlying character.
Letter
a unit which is used to write words or expressions. Represented by characters and have two general categories: alphabetic (letterform) and demographic (ideograph. Both categories also include characters which are formally in those categories but are usually mixed together in usage, not colloquially usually considered as such, such as numerals (figure) punctuation, and other symbols.
Text
content of human-readable language, as displayed on a page or on-screen.
Typeface
system of distinctive, visually consistent design for the symbols in an alphabet, a
complete set of characters.
Fonts
are a collection o bit-mapped data or computer language instructions which render glyph images on some output device. A library of glyphs used as a tool.
