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C100 - Introduction to Humanities > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

consilience

A

the art and science of exploring the overlaps of what are often considered quite different subjects, such as the science and Humanities, in search of commonalities and places of agreement

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2
Q

themes

A

unifying ideas that are repeated or developed throughout a literary or artistic work

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3
Q

eros

A

Greek term for erotic love or lust

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4
Q

agape

A

Greek term for platonic love

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5
Q

Reoccurring Themes

A

Individualism, Revolution, Classicism

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6
Q

epic

A

a long poem recounting in elevated style the deeds of a legendary hero; any narrative work (novel, drama, film) dealing with epic themes (i.e. The Iliad and The Odyssey)

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7
Q

archetype

A

an emblematic mythic character, image, plot pattern, symbol, or buried assumption share across cultures

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8
Q

monomyth

A

a hero’s journey through archetype that appears in all cultures; a term popularized by Joseph Campbell

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9
Q

humanism

A

the study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures or an ethical system that centers on humans and their values and emphasizes reason and the scientific method

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10
Q

myth

A

traditional stories of a people or culture that serve to explain some natural phenomenon, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rites

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11
Q

beauty

A

those qualities that give pleasure to the senses

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12
Q

aesthetic experience

A

an experience of beauty that inspires a feeling of pleasure, which is its own justification

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13
Q

archetype

A

age-old (original) models by which we comprehend human experience that include mythic characters, events, symbols, and buried assumptions

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14
Q

discipline

A

a field of study

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15
Q

metaphysics

A

nature of being and the world

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16
Q

epistemology

A

nature and scope of knowledge

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17
Q

ethics

A

moral philosophy

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18
Q

aesthetics

A

nature of beauty and art

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19
Q

logic

A

nature of reasoning

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20
Q

philosophy of mind

A

nature of the mind and its relationship to the body

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21
Q

Confucianism

A

a philosophical system based on the teaching of Confucius, stressing moral oral order and harmony in thought and conduct

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22
Q

Buddhism

A

religion originated in India by Siddhartha Gautama, the “Buddha” (“the enlightened one” in Sanskrit); Buddhists seek the path to enlightenment through physical and spiritual discipline

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23
Q

Classicism

A

aesthetic attitudes and principles found in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome

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24
Q

Individualism

A

that which separates ones unique person from another, as well as social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates the difference

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25
Q

Revolution

A

a fundamental, dramatic shift in organizational structure that occurs over a short period of time

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26
Q

balance

A

the achievement of putting into harmony the different compositional elements that are in dynamic tension with one another

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27
Q

truth

A

the accurate and genuine reality of the world; that which is indisputably factual

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28
Q

reason

A

the thought and formation of judgements based on a logical process

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29
Q

democracy

A

government directly ruled by the people; a form developed by the Greeks

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30
Q

republic

A

government were supreme power rests indirectly in the body of citizens entitled to vote but is directly exercised by representatives

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31
Q

polytheistic

A

the belief in the existence of more than one god

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32
Q

muses

A

Goddesses of inspiration for literature, art, and science

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33
Q

virtue

A

the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong

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34
Q

Golden Mean

A

Aristotle’s term for the desirable middle between two extremes, between excess and inadequacy

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35
Q

symmetry

A

the pleasing or harmonious proportionate arrangement or corresponding part of artwork, literature, architecture, or music

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36
Q

entablature

A

the horizontal layers of material of a building that are supported by columns or walls

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37
Q

patricians

A

a Roman agrarian-based class that competed for power with the equestrians

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38
Q

Archaic Age

A

followed the Dark Age, circa 800-479 BCE; saw rise of important political structurer and democracy

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39
Q

The Roman Republic

A

founded in 509BCE; featured the separation of powers with two elected consults who headed the government

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40
Q

kurous

A

type of statue featuring life-sized male nudes in a stance in which the left foot is placed in front of the right

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41
Q

monotheistic

A

the belief in one god or almighty deity; religion based on on supreme god

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42
Q

Crete

A

island off the coast of Greece, home of the Minoan civilization, which exists during the Bronze Age, circa 1900-1400 BCE

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43
Q

mythology

A

the body of myths belonging to a culture; the study of myths

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44
Q

Mycenaean civilization

A

a civilization that conquered Crete and was said to have conquered Troy; subject of Homer’s epic poems, The Iliad and The Odyssey, circa 1600-100 BCE

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45
Q

pantheon

A

a general term to a set of all the deities belonging to a certain polytheistic religion

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46
Q

Pantheon

A

refers to a temple dedicated to all the Roman gods

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47
Q

Greek philosophers

A

ancient philosophers from Greece or who spoke and/or studied Greek, that greatly advanced scientific knowledge without appealing to mythology

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48
Q

Allegory of the Cave

A

Plato’s allegory of prisoners in a cave who mistake appearance for reality (the Forms) and wrongly believe the shadows they seem on the cave wall are real

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49
Q

utopian

A

describes and ideal community or society; often used to describe a society that does not exist in reality

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50
Q

Socratic Method

A

analytical method or reasoning developed by Greek philosopher Socrates that asks a progression of questions in pursuit of the truth

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51
Q

The Republic

A

the most popular of Plato’s dialogues, in which he describes both the ideal person and the ideal state (circa 5th century BCE)

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52
Q

ideal state

A

a state that is ruled by a philosopher-king who makes decision based on reason and justice

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53
Q

lyrical poetry

A

poems that use rhyme scheme as a cohesive element and that are often set to music; lyric poems generally express feelings rather than relay political or historical events

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54
Q

Dionysius

A

the Greek god of wine and fertility; closely associated with the theater and arts

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55
Q

Six essential elements of drama

A

plot, character, diction, though, spectacle, & music

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56
Q

plot

A

how the various events of a story are arranged

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57
Q

character

A

term used to describe each of the persons being depicted in a dream

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58
Q

diction

A

word-choice; can be classified as formal or informal or denotative or connotative

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59
Q

amphitheater

A

an outdoor venue shaped as a circle or ellipse used by the Romans for performances; the shape of the theater amplified sound naturally

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60
Q

tragedy

A

a drama with an unpleasant ending, generally involving the downfall of a flawed protagonist, which often involves catharsis

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61
Q

hubris

A

Greek word for excessive pride, presumption or arrogance (originally towards the gods)

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62
Q

comedy

A

a work of theater wherein the sympathetic main characters experience a happy ending; not all comedy has the primary goal of making the audience laugh, though this is a common element

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63
Q

foreshadowing

A

the deliberate introduction of information (verbally, visually or otherwise) suggesting an event that will take place later in the story

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64
Q

double entendre

A

when a word or phrase can be understood two ways

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65
Q

reversal of fortune

A

moment in a tragedy when the main character’s situation dramatically shifts to the contrary (as when a rich man becomes poor or king losses his kingdom)

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66
Q

discovery

A

moment when the main character becomes aware of an essential truth about himself or his situation; also called the recognition

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67
Q

chorus

A

in Greek drama, a group of actors who comment on the action and provide society’s view of the events; also, a group of singers

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68
Q

classical humanism

A

the cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on Greek and Roman classic literature, that emphasized the dignity, worth, and rationality of humankind

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69
Q

kouros

A

type of statues featuring life-sized male nudes in a stance in which the left foot is placed in front of the right

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70
Q

Canon

A

a set of rules developed by the Greek artist Polykleitos for created perfect proportionality in the human figure

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71
Q

canon

A

In literature, art, and religion, an agreed upon list of sanctioned works or laws.

In music , a piece the employs a melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a giving period of time.

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72
Q

frieze

A

a broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, usually on a wall near the ceiling

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73
Q

pediments

A

the triangular upper part of the front of a building in the classical style

74
Q

capitals

A

the top of a column between the column and the entablature

75
Q

post-and-lintel

A

in architecture, design where horizontal pieces (lintels) are held up by vertical columns (posts)

76
Q

lyre

A

a string instrument like a u-shaped harp known for its use by the classical Greeks

77
Q

Hellenic

A

a synonym for Greek

78
Q

Silk Road

A

an overland route from Constantinople to Beijing used in the trade of silks and spices between Europe and the Far East, it was eventually blocked by the Ottoman Empire and travel by sea became more popular

79
Q

Manichaeism

A

a dualistic religious system with Christian, Gnostic, and Eastern elements founded by the Iranian prophet Mani

80
Q

Daoism

A

philosophical system based on the teachings of Lao-tzu; followers seek Dao (the “Way”), which they believe governs the universe. (Also called Taoism)

81
Q

Doric order

A

the simplest of the classical Greek architectural styles featuring unadorned columns with no base

82
Q

The Forms

A

Plato’s concept that there are ideal essences (the Forms) of objects or things

83
Q

catharsis

A

the purging of a spectator’s strong emotions through experiencing tragedy; one of Aristotle’s concepts

84
Q

skepticism

A

a philosophy that maintains that there can be no certainty in human knowledge and that mankind should continually be involved with find the truth

85
Q

tragicomedy

A

drama that mixes the conventions of tragedy and comedy, generally concluding with a happy ending

86
Q

satyr

A

a comedic genre of ancient Greek drama in which satyrs, creatures that combined attributes of men and beasts, formed the chorus and contrasted with the main characters with their ribald antics; depicted the grittier aspects of society, such as drunkenness and sexuality, and offered relief after the tragedies were performed at festival of Dionysus

87
Q

self-fashioning

A

the process of fashioning one’s individual sense of self and public persona according to a set of socially acceptable standards

88
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

a religious movement of the 16th century to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

89
Q

Martin Luther

A

German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation; argued that salvation is grated on the basis of faith rather than deeds or works

90
Q

Renaissance

A

a period in Western history, from the 14th through the 16th centuries, marked by revival of interest in the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity and a flourishing of artistic and intellectual achievement

91
Q

chiaroscuro

A

the creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade

92
Q

Age of Exploration

A

time period between the early fifteenth to the early seventeenth centuries when Europeans sailed around the globe (in the form of slaves) transforming the countries they reached

93
Q

maritime

A

having to do with a seafaring population

94
Q

heresy

A

a challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrines of a religion or church

95
Q

In Praise of Folly

A

a satirical essay written by Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) in which he criticizes the abuses and corruption of Catholic doctrine in parts of the Catholic Church

96
Q

papal infallibility

A

Roman Catholic doctrine that the pope cannot err when he speaks about faith or morality because of divine guidance

97
Q

iconoclasm

A

the deliberate destruction of religious art, imagery, icons, and other symbols or monuments

98
Q

commedia dell’arte

A

early 16th century theater, consisting of improvisational sketches or stock scenes presented on temporary stages by troupes of actors who travelled across Europe

99
Q

foils

A

a character used to emphasize and highlight the qualities or features of the protagonist or other characters by projecting the opposite qualities or features

100
Q

dialect

A

form of language which is particular to a group of people, such as those belonging to a region or social class

101
Q

blank verse

A

a verse written in iambic pentameter without rhyme

102
Q

prose

A

language that flows naturally as opposed to language that conforms to the beat of the rhyme such as in poetry

103
Q

soliloquy

A

speech by the character in a drama expressing his or her inmost thoughts, heard by the audience but not by any other character

104
Q

allegory

A

a work of art which represents some abstract quality or idea, often religious or political, by means of symbolic representation

105
Q

linear perspective

A

the creation of the illusion of depth based on the fact that parallel line or edges appear to converge, and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and a viewer increases

106
Q

vanishing points

A

a point in the picture plane that is the intersection of the projections (or drawings) of a set of parallel lines in space on the picture plane

107
Q

Renaissance Man

A

an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines

108
Q

Reformation art

A

art movement of 16th century, largely in Northern Europe, that reflected religious views of Protestant Reformation

109
Q

madrigal

A

a polyphonic vocal work, usually written for four or five voices, setting a pastoral poem to music, performed without instrumental accompaniment, and intended for secular use

110
Q

sonnet

A

a form of poem that commonly contains 14 lines

111
Q

The Prince

A

a political treatise written by Niccolò Machiavelli (1467-1527) in which he claims that the ends justify the means and that those with political power should use whatever advantage they have to keep it and control the populace

112
Q

urbanization

A

the movement of diverse population into urban areas

113
Q

Enlightenment

A

the period in Western history spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, during which a notable shift toward rational thinking and advancement occurred in science, philosophy, society, and politics

114
Q

Neoclassicism

A

art movement of 19th century that drew on Greek and Roman art for models of harmony, idealized realism, and reason

115
Q

skepticism

A

Greek philosophical school that maintained human knowledge was limited and uncertain and probability of correct morality was enough for acting in a moral fashion

116
Q

rationalism

A

a point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge

117
Q

empiricism

A

philosophical doctrine that says all knowledge is derived from our senses

118
Q

progress

A

the steady march of advancements made in certain intellectual areas that allow the human race to develop and grow

119
Q

deism

A

the belief that God created the natural laws that govern nature but does not directly intervene or interfere in any way

120
Q

classical

A

aesthetic attitudes and principles found in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome

121
Q

philosphes

A

a term used to refer primarily to French Enlightenment philosophers who championed reason over faith

122
Q

novel

A

a longer work of fictional prose that presents the struggle of a main character or characters against a situation

123
Q

satire

A

using humor to ridicule human vices; also a literary genre in which human or individual weaknesses or shortcomings are shown by means of ridicule, derision, irony, or other methods, often with the intent to expose or correct

124
Q

clarity

A

the quality of being easily understood or cleanly expressed

125
Q

order

A

natural laws that Enlightenment thinkers believed should guide the structure of civilized life

126
Q

counterpoint

A

the simplest form of harmony features at least two melodic lines (referred to as voices or parts) of equal value played against one another

127
Q

polyphonic

A

music with several independent parts sounding at once

128
Q

homophonic

A

music that moves from chord to chord, without undue elaboration, or with a simple melody

129
Q

lyrical

A

having an artistically beautiful or expressive quality

130
Q

fortepiano

A

an early form of the piano originating in the 18th and early 19th centuries and having a smaller range and softer timbre than a modern piano

131
Q

opera

A

a fully-produced, multi-sectional work for the theater whose text (or libretto) is primarily sung by soloists and a chorus, and which is accomplished by instruments, usually a large orchestra

132
Q

keys

A

a system of tones and harmonies generated from a hierarchical scale of seven tones based on a tonic

133
Q

tempos

A

the measured pace at which a composition is played

134
Q

register

A

the range of human voice or a musical instrument

135
Q

pizzicato

A

a note or passage played by plucking strings

136
Q

staccato

A

indicates that the notes should be short and separated, like ticking of a clock

137
Q

monophonic

A

music that contains only a single part

138
Q

a capella

A

without instrumental accompaniment

139
Q

field holler

A

improvised and/or wordless vocals concerning that singer’s thoughts, typically associated with African-American music and work songs from before the American Civil War

140
Q

Baroque

A

movement of the 17th and the early 18th century in art, architecture, and music known for its religious focus and its elaborate and extensive use of ornamentation

141
Q

Rococo

A

late Baroque artistic style that was lighter and more playful and used ornate decoration, pastel colors, and asymmetrical arrangement of shell-like curves

142
Q

sonatas

A

an extended multi-movement work generally for a solo instrumentalist

143
Q

symphonies

A

a full orchestral work usually in four movements

144
Q

masses

A

the size, shape, and volume of forms; also, a vocal composition including the sung portions of the Roman Catholic liturgy, primarily in Latin

145
Q

concertos

A

a composition for soloist and orchestra in three movements (first and third movements fast, second movement slow)

146
Q

Romanticism

A

movement of the early 19th century that stressed passion, emotion, and exotic settings with dramatic action; response to rationalism of Neoclassicism

147
Q

nationalism

A

a variant of patriotisms characterized by intense loyalty to a particular nation and its defining values and features

148
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

the 19th century transition in many countries from an agrarian economy to one dominated by machine manufacturing

149
Q

colonialism

A

the political, economic, and cultural domination by one country over another country or region

150
Q

exoticism

A

an artistic trend that took place in Europe in the 19th century, which borrowed and glorified cultural aspects from non-Wester civilizations

151
Q

Romantic/Bryonic hero

A

a stereotypical character of a Romantic novel; and exceptional and gifted loner, perhaps misunderstood, who was driven to follow personal passion rather than traditional societal expectations

152
Q

passion

A

the evocation of strong, irrational emotion

153
Q

naturalism

A

A concept among Romantic writers, particularly poets, that returning to nature as a state of ideal purity was a way to remove the corruption of centuries of human institutions.

A literary movement of the late 19th and early 20th century, inspired by the Darwinian view of nature and scientific means and approaches. In representational visual art it describes images which retain some of the natural appearance of the objects depicted.

154
Q

sublime

A

a quality of greatness or vastness that is beyond calculation, comparison, or imitation; often invoked with reference to nature

155
Q

idealism

A

Theory that reality is a mental construction or that the object of external perception consists of ideas.

The belief in living by extraordinarily high standards or in creating something that is perfect.

156
Q

transcendentalism

A

characterized by a belief that people can become free and self-reliant by returning to nature

157
Q

Transcendentalist movement

A

philosophical movement during the Romantic period that emphasized feeling over reason and the role of the individual finding an intuitive relation to the universe through solitude amid nature

158
Q

free verse

A

poetry without any fixed pattern of meter, rhythm, or rhyme

159
Q

egalitarianism

A

a belief in promoting social and political equality

160
Q

Gothic literature

A

a literary style popular during the Romantic, era that emphasized the flawed nature of man and his potential for destruction rather than progress, often through monstrous heroes and/or sympathetic villains

161
Q

slave narratives

A

published account of former American slaves who related the hardships and injustice of slavery

162
Q

Gothic Revival

A

Romantic-era architectural movement that employed Gothic forms

163
Q

chromaticism

A

the movement or displacement of notes by a half-step, as opposed to the tradition of whole-step movement

164
Q

realism

A

movement of the second half of the 19th century that emphasized objective portrayals of the world with a critique of the established social and political order in response to idealized Romantic art and literature

165
Q

natural selection

A

the gradual process by which certain biological traits fade away or grow through the reproductive success or failure of the individuals that have that trait; a term coined by Charles Darwin to illustrate that certain traits are better suited for certain environments than others

166
Q

scientific materialism

A

the belief that physical reality, as seen through the natural sciences, is all that truly exists

167
Q

imperialism

A

the policy of extending the rule of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies

168
Q

industrialism

A

the emphasis on and industrialized economic system

169
Q

utilitarianism

A

the ethical approach that emphasizes pragmatic ethical decisions for the greater good

170
Q

Marxism

A

a social, political, economic, and philosophical theory developed by Karl Marx that highlights the role class conflict plays in the development of different social systems over time. Marxists believe capitalist systems will inevitably be overthrown because of social unrest

171
Q

daguerreotype

A

a photographic process where an image is made directly onto a light-sensitive silver-coated metallic plate, without using a negative

172
Q

impressionism

A

art movement of the late 19th century that emphasized simplified composition and the effect of light and color to capture a painter’s visual impression

173
Q

Post-Impressionism

A

are movement of the late 19th century that, while influenced by impressionism, emphasize a greater concern for expression, structure, form, and emotional response

174
Q

Art Nouveau

A

art movement of the late 19th century - early 20th century that favored sinuous lines, curves, and organic motifs, such as plants and flowers

175
Q

motifs

A

in music, a brief but recognizable recurring fragment of a melody

176
Q

atonality

A

describes music that is written in a way that avoids centering around a specific key

177
Q

symbolism

A

the use of a symbol, object, or image to represent something else (that is, a concept or idea)

178
Q

materialism

A

philosophical position that all processes, phenomena, and object/beings can be explained as manifestations or results of matter

179
Q

social darwinism

A

the theory that individuals, groups, and communities are subject to the same principle of natural selection as plants and animals

180
Q

Darwinism

A

the theory of evolution by natural selection developed by biologist Charles Darwin

C100 - Introduction to Humanities (1 decks)

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