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BIO103 > TERMS > Flashcards

TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific control

A
  • Experiment/observation designed to minimise effect of variable other than independent variable
  • Increases reliability of results, often through comparison between control measurements + other measurement
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2
Q

Replicate

A

Repetition of a test or complete experiment

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3
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Structural layer surrounding some type of cells, just outside cell membrane
  • Can be tough, flexible + rigid
  • Provides cell with structural support + protection
  • Acts as filtering mechanism
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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

Semipermeable membrane surrounding cytoplasm of cell

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5
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Organelle found in eukaryotic cells
  • Enclosed in nuclear membrane
  • Contains majority of cell’s genetic materials
  • Material is organised as DNA molecules, with proteins to form chromosomes
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6
Q

Chromosome

A
  • Threadlike structure of nucleic acids + proteins in nucleus of most living cells
  • Carrying genetic info -> genes
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7
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Minute particle made up of RNA + proteins found in nucleus of most living cells
  • Bind mRNA + tRNA to synthesise polypeptides + proteins
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8
Q

Golgi

A
  • Membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cell
  • Made up of series flattened stacked pouches -> cisternae
  • Found in cytoplasm next to ER + nucleus
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9
Q

Complex

A
  • Protein or multiprotein complex group of 2 or more polypeptide chains
  • Protein complexes form quaternary structure
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10
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Organelle in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

- Containing degradative enzymes enclosed in membrane

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Rod-shaped organelles power generator of cell
  • Converts O2 + nutrients into ATP
  • ATP powers cell’s metabolic activities
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12
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • Storages bubbles in cells

- Found in animal + plant cells

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13
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Each pair of minute cylindrical organelles near nucleus in animals cells
  • Involved development of spindle fibres -> cell division
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14
Q

Cilia

A
  • Found in eukaryotic cells
  • Slender protuberances project from much larger cell body
  • 2 types: motile + non-motile
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15
Q

Flagella

A

Lash-like appendage protrudes from cell body of certain bacteria + eukaryotic cells

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Organelle found in plant cells + eukaryotic cells conduct photosynthesis
  • Absorb sunlight + use it in conjunction w/ water + CO2 gas to produce food for plant
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17
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Type of cell division results in 2 daughter cells
  • Each having same number + kind of chrom. as parent nucleus
  • Somatic cells
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18
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Cell division reduces chrom. number by 1/2 => 4 haploid cells
  • Each genetically distinct from parent cells that gave rise to them
  • Process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled + multicellular eukaryotes
  • Germ line cells (gametes)
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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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20
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through selectively permeable membrane into region of higher solute concen.
  • In direction tends to equalise solute concen. on 2 sides
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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • Takes in CO2 produced by all breathing organisms + reintroduce O2 into atmosphere
  • Process used by plants, algae + bacteria to harness energy from sunlight + turn into chemical energy
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22
Q

Respiration

A
  • Movement of O2 from outside enviro. to cells w/in tissues

- Transport of CO2 in opposite directions

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23
Q

Natural selection

A
  • Differential survival + reproduction of Indivs. due to differences in phenotype
  • Key mechanism of evolution
  • Change in heritable traits characteristics of pop. over generations
  • Variation exists w/in all pops. of organisms
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24
Q

Artificial selection

A
  • Intentional reproduction of indivs. in pops. that have desirable traits.
  • In organisms that reproduce sexually, 2 adults that possess a desired traits are bred together
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25
Q

Mutation

A
  • Change that occurs in our DNA sequence

- Due to mistake when DNA is copied or as result of enviro. factors

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26
Q

Stabilising selection

A
  • Type of natural selection

- Pop. mean stabilises on a particular non-extreme trait value

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27
Q

Disruptive selection

A
  • Describe changes in pop. genetics extreme values are favoured over intermediate values
  • Variance of trait increases + pop. is divided into 2 distinct. groups
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28
Q

Directional selection

A
  • Pop. genetics mode of natural selection that extreme phenotype is favoured over other phenotypes
  • Causing allele frequency to shift over time in direction of that phenotype
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29
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Mode of speciation that occurs when biological pops. of same species before isolated

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30
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Evolution of new species from a surviving ancestral species while both

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31
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of evolutionary history + relationship among indivs. or groups of organisms

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32
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of defining + naming groups of biological organisms on basis of shared characteristics

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33
Q

Cladistics

A
  • Method of hypothesising relationships among organisms
  • Method of reconstructing evolutionary trees
  • Basis cladistic analysis data on character, or traits, of organism that we are interested in
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34
Q

Hierarchal classification

A
  • System of grouping things according to a hierarchy, or levels + orders
  • Can be seen in positions of authority + power that things are ranked in unwavering order
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35
Q

Systematics

A
  • Study of diversification of living forms - past + present
  • Relationship among living things through time
  • Relationships visualised as evolutionary trees
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36
Q

Kingdom Monera

A
  • Contains unicellular organism w/ prokaryotic cell organisation eg bacteria
  • Single-celled organisms w/ no true nuclear membrane
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37
Q

Prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism that lack membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria + any other membrane-bound organelles

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38
Q

Heterotrophic

A
  • Organism that cannot manufacture its own food + instead obtain food + energy by taking in organic substances
  • Usually plant/animal matter
  • eg. animals, protozoans, fungi, most bacteria
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39
Q

Autotrophic

A
  • Organism capable of synthesising its own food from inorganic substances using light to chemical energy
  • eg. green plants, algae, certain bacteria
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40
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Large domain prokaryotic microorganism
  • Number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods + spirals
  • Among first life forms to appear on earth + present in most of its habitats
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41
Q

Archaes

A
  • Domain of single-celled microorganisms

- Prokaryotes => no cell nucleus

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42
Q

Virus

A
  • Biological agent that reproduces inside of cells of living host
  • When infected by virus, host cell forced to produce thousands of identical copies of original virus at extraordinary rate.
43
Q

Kingdom Protista

A
  • Eukaryotic organisms
  • Large multi-cellular protist that provide food, shelter + O2 for numerous underwater ecosystems
  • eg. kelp/seaweed
44
Q

Eukaryote

A

Organism whose cell has a nucleus enclosed within membrane

45
Q

Saprophytic

A
  • Organism that gets its energy from dead + decaying organic matter
  • Heterotrophs
  • Consumers in food chain
46
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Life of life cycle where generations. alternate cells with single set of chrom. + cells w/ double

47
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Offspring arise from single organism
  • Inherit genes of that parent only
  • Does not involve fusion of gametes
  • Never changes # of chrom.
48
Q

Lichen

A
  • Composite organism arise from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in mutualistic relationship
  • Combined linen properties different from those of its component organisms
49
Q

Fungi

A
  • Member of group of eukaryotic organisms like yeasts, molds, mushrooms
  • Kingdom fungi
50
Q

Gamete

A
  • A mature haploid male or female germ cell
  • Able to unite w/ another of opposite sex in sexual reproduction
  • To form a zygote
51
Q

Spore

A
  • Unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal + for survival
  • Often for extended periods of time in unfavourable conditions
  • Spores form part of life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi + protozoa
52
Q

Mycelium

A
  • Vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony
  • Consisting of mass of branching, thread-like hyphae
  • Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil + many other substrates
53
Q

Mycorrhizae

A
  • Symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant
  • Role of the fungus in the plant’s rhizosphere - its root system
  • Role in plant nutrition, soil biology + soil chemistry
54
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A
  • Taxonomic kingdom of all living or extinct plants
  • 1 of 5 highest taxonomic group into organisms are grouped
  • Monera, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi or Animalia
55
Q

Alternation of Generations

A
  • Type of life cycle found in terrestrial plants + some algae
  • Subsequent generations of individuals alternate between haploid + diploid organisms
56
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Group of seed-producing plants

- Includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo + gnetophytes

57
Q

Angiosperm

A
  • Plant of large group w/ flowers + produce seeds

- Enclosed w/in carpel, including herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses + most trees

58
Q

Xylem

A

Transport water from roots to stems and leaves + transports nutrients

59
Q

Phloem

A
  • Tissue in plants conduct foods made in leaves to all other parts of plant
  • Composed of various specialized cells called sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells
60
Q

Vascular Bundle

A

A strand of conducting vessels in the stem or leaves of a plant, typically with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.

61
Q

Guard Cell

A
  • Cells surrounding each stoma

- Help to regulate rate of transpiration by opening + closing stomata

62
Q

Stomate

A
  • A pore found in epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs
  • Facilitates gas exchange
  • Pore is bordered by pair of specialized parenchyma - guard cells
  • Responsible for regulating size of stomatal opening.
63
Q

Mesophyte

A
  • Terrestrial plants neither adapted to particularly dry nor particularly wet environments
  • eg. rural temperate meadow, contain goldenrod, clover, oxeye daisy
64
Q

Xerophyte

A

A xerophyte is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water, such as a desert or an ice- or snow-covered region in the Alps or the Arctic. Popular examples of xerophytes are cacti, pineapple and some Gymnosperm plants

65
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A
  • Balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes w/ body of an organism
  • In nature and biology, symmetry is always approximate
  • eg. plant leaves
66
Q

Radial symmetry

A
  • Symmetry about a central axis

- eg. starfish

67
Q

Transpiration

A
  • Process by moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on underside of leaves
  • Where it changes to vapor + released to atmosphere
  • Evaporation of water from plant leaves
68
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A
  • A flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure

- Common among simple invertebrate organisms

69
Q

Exoskeleton

A
  • External skeleton that supports + protects an animal’s body
  • In usage, some of larger kinds of exoskeletons “shells”
70
Q

Endoskeleton

A
  • Internal support structure of an animal

- Composed of mineralized tissue

71
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • Blood closed at all times within vessels of different size + wall thickness
  • Vertebrates + a few invertebrates have
  • Blood is pumped by a heart through vessels
  • Does not normally fill body cavities
72
Q

Open circulatory system

A
  • Pump blood into a hemocoel w/ blood diffusing back to circulatory system between cells
  • Evolved in crustaceans, insects, molluscs + other invertebrates
  • Blood pumped by heart into body cavities where tissues surrounded by blood
73
Q

Metamerism

A
  • Phenomenon of having linear series of body segments similar in structure
  • Some of them perform special function
  • eg. in animals, metameric segments
74
Q

Exponential Growth

A
  • Exhibited when rate of change (change per instant or unit of time) of value of a mathematical function of time is proportional to function’s current value
  • Resulting in its value at any time being an exponential function of time
75
Q

Logistic growth

A
  • Common “S” shape

- Equation: where e = natural logarithm base

76
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Entire set of conditions under an animal (population, species) can survive + reproduce itself.

77
Q

Realised niche

A
  • Set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species)
  • After interactions w/ other species (predation + competition) taken into account
78
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationships between two or more organisms that live closely together

79
Q

Mutualism

A
  • Interaction between individuals of different species

- Results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of interacting populations

80
Q

Commensalism

A

Long-term biological interaction members of one species gain benefits while those of other species neither benefit nor are harmed

81
Q

Parasitism

A
  • Relationship between species, where one organism, parasite, lives on or in another organism, host, causing it some harm,
  • Also adapted structurally to way of life
82
Q

Predation

A
  • Biological interaction where one organism, predator, kills + eats another organism, prey
83
Q

Amensalism

A
  • Relationship between organisms of different species

- One is inhibited or destroyed while other organism remains unaffected

84
Q

Herbivore

A

Animal that gets its energy from eating only plants

85
Q

Detritivore

A

Heterotrophs obtain nutrients by consuming detritus

86
Q

Food chain

A
  • Linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms
  • Ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species
  • Shows how organisms are related w/ each other by food they eat
  • Each level of a food chain represents different trophic level
87
Q

Food web

A

A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

88
Q

Decomposer

A
  • Organism that decomposes, or breaks down, organic material like remains of dead organisms
  • eg. bacteria + fungi
89
Q

Ecosystem

A
  • Community of living organisms with nonliving components of their environment
  • Interacting as a system
  • Biotic + abiotic components linked through nutrient cycles + energy flows
90
Q

Supralittoral zone

A
  • Area above spring high tide line, on coastlines + estuaries, that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water
  • Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms w/ high tides
91
Q

Littoral zone

A
  • Part of a sea, lake or river is close to shore

- In coastal environments, extends from high water mark to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged

92
Q

Sublittoral zone

A
  • Neritic zone relatively shallow part of ocean
  • Above the drop-off of continental shelf
  • Approx. 200 meters in depth
93
Q

Phytoplankton

A
  • Autotrophic components of plankton community

- Key part of oceans, seas + freshwater basin ecosystems

94
Q

Zooplankton

A
  • Heterotrophic plankton

- Plankton are organisms drifting in oceans, seas, + bodies of fresh water

95
Q

Mangrove

A
  • Shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water
  • Also topical coastal vegetation consisting of such species
96
Q

Counter-current

A
  • Mechanism occurring in nature
  • Crossover of some property, heat or some chemical
  • Between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite directions to each other
97
Q

Trophogenic zone

A
  • Photic zone

- Upper portion of lake where photosynthesis occurs.

98
Q

Tropholytic zone

A
  • Deeper part of a lake

- Dissimilation of organic matter tends to predominate

99
Q

River continuum concept

A
  • Model for classifying + describing flowing water

- Classification of individual sections of waters after occurrence of indicator organisms

100
Q

Biome

A

A large naturally occurring community of flora + fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g. forest or tundr

101
Q

Keystone species

A

Species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance

102
Q

Biodiversity

A
  • Variety + variability of life on Earth
  • Measures variation at genetic, species + ecosystem level
  • Terrestrial biodiversity is usually greater near equator, result of the warm climate + high primary productivity
103
Q

Conservation biology

A
  • Management of nature + of Earth’s biodiversity w/ the aim of protecting species, their habitats, + ecosystems
  • From excessive rates of extinction + erosion of biotic interactions
104
Q

Extinction

A
  • Termination of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), usually a species
  • Moment of extinction death of last individual of species

BIO103 (1 decks)

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