Terms

Question 1

Safavid Empire

Answer 1

• 12th ~ 13th cent.
• Shah Ismael left Gilan to escape his family’s enemies; formed Twelver Shiismn religion.
• Safi al-Din became the center of conspiracy for his descendants.
• Changed their religious preferences often, and agreed on a form of Shiism; introduced it to Turkish tribes who moved into the area.

Question 2

Ottoman Empire

Answer 2

• Late 12th ~ 19th cent.
• Founded by Osman Bey
• He and his followers sought to become ghazi, Muslims who fought for their faith.
• As Ottomans expanded, they enriched themselves and the central gov.
• Ottomans created a force or slave people (Janissaries), who had esprit de corps (loyalty to the sultan), and the ability to employ new military technology.

Question 3

Vasco da Gama

Answer 3

• Portuguese mariner 14th cent.
• Asian and European countries
• Spread of food crops / higher European populations
• Finding new land/crops, expanding Christianity, and combining Chinese and Arabic technologies

Question 4

Mehmed II and Siege of Constantinople

Answer 4

• 14th cent.
• Mehmed II laid foundations for absolute rule, had no rival.
• War in Greece and Albania –> invaded Italy
• Successors abandoned plans for expansion in western Europe.

Question 5

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 5

• Portuguese mariner 15th cent.
• First circumnavigation of the world, in the service of Spain
• Found a trade route between Mexico / Philippines
• Voyage took months; Crew died of disease and malnutrition and the political disputes in the Philippines

Question 6

Protestant Reformation

Answer 6

• 15th cent. @ Europe
• Martin Luther’s act of rebellion, written the 95 Theses against indulgences
• Reformation taken advantage of by some European monarchs to gain more control over society

Question 6

Conquistadores

Answer 6

• 15th cent.
• Spanish conquerors from the Caribbean moved to the American mainland.
• Found Panama and Peru to be prosperous in agriculture and to have great cities and states.
• Aztec and Inca empire decided to take control over the regions.

Question 7

Epidemic disease

Answer 7

• 15th cent.
• Caribbean populations down because of smallpox
• 14th cent. Population of 4 million down to a few thousand in 15th cent.
• Native societies wiped out, and only few Taino words were left (canoe, maize)

Question 10

Sugar

Answer 10

• 15th cent.
• First of the sugar plantations in Hispaniola.
• Expanded to Mexico, and Portuguese mariners expanded them in the Caribbean and Americas.
• African slaves.
• Slaves with disease (yellow fever, malaria) from work in plantations.
• North American planters encourage more female slaves to create families, as slaves became more expensive, especially in the 18th cent.

Question 11

Zheng He

Answer 11

• 15th cent.
• Chinese voyager who travelled through Southeast Asia, western India, and made it all the way to Calicut before Vasco da Gama did.
• Historians argued he was Muslim.
• After his 7th fleet, he moved on to more land issues.

Question 12

Spice trade

Answer 12

• 15th cent.
• Europeans attempted to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean –> little success
• Dutch mariners in Indonesian islands concentrated on spice trade, including nutmeg.
• VOC monololy in Java with high profits in European markets in the 17th cent.
• Netherlands was the most prosperous.

Question 13

Akbar

Answer 13

• 15th ~ 16th cent.
• Built the Mughal empire
• Deeply interested in religion/philosophy
• Intelligent from getting books read to him daily
• Used Islam for many of his subjects
• Focused on the emperor as a ruler common to all religious/ethnic/social groups in India.

Question 14

Melaka

Answer 14

• 15th cent.
• Important trading center, providing the protection of marriage, diverse merchant communities with reps, and Islamization
• Portuguese wanted to Chcristianize people in Melaka and to take control over spices.
• Magellan visited Melaka and went westward to search for spices. He baptized people in Melaka and died in a skirmish at the Philippines.

Question 15

30 Years’ War

Answer 15

• 16th cent.
• Damaged economies and 1/3 of the German population
• Caused by the Holy Roman emperor’s efforts to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church
• Occurred in Germany; French, Danish, Spanish, Russian and other people joined the war conflict.

Question 15

Witch hunts

Answer 15

• 16th cent. @ Rhineland
• Strong tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants
• More witch hunts as 30 Years’ War progressed
• Theorists: clandestine witch gatherings, witch es’ supernatural abilities obtained by the devil
• Poor, old, single, and widowed women were easy targets.

Question 16

King Louis XIV

Answer 16

• 16th~17th cent.
• @ Versailles in Europe
• Established court rituals, increased authority of the king, provided various entertainments – in exchange for absolute rule.
• Titled himself the “sun king.”

Question 17

Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Answer 17

• 16th cent.
• Formed by the government of Holland in Amsterdam, for the purpose of having a single market
• Independent of the government
• Agreed to trade spices in Malaka with the Portuguese if they were expelled from the Malaka islands.

Question 18

Cotton gin

Answer 18

• 17th cent.
• American inventor Eli Whitney invented that, and firearms by the use of machines.
• Other entrepreneurs used his method.
• Cotton textiles, major factory made products in the early industrialization period.
• Whitney’s ideas/creations contributed to the evolving factory system in Europe.

Question 19

Ming dynasty’s tributary system

Answer 19

• 13th and 16th cent.
• Ignored government affairs, treated themselves well, treated eunuchs well @ Beijing
• Eunuchs’ influence led government to weaken and become corrupt. Chinese generals and Confucian scholar-bureaucrats left because of its inefficiency and corruption.

Question 20

Haitian Rev.

Answer 20

• 18th century
• Slaves made a self-governing republic, which was feared by slave owners in Saint-Domingue.
• Slaves inspired other slaves, and it was the first successful slave rebellion.

Question 21

Eurocentrism

Answer 21

• Europe drew maps –> more power.
• Europe measured time.
• Europe called itself a continent.
• Europe assumed superiority for reaching Islam first.
• European impact exaggerated in history.

Question 22

Simon Bolivar

Answer 22

• 18th cent.
• Many different roles (newspaper publisher, politician, diolomat, dictator, etc.)
• Venezualan, Creole aristocrat, dedicating his life to politics
• Published a doc, Manifesto of Cartagena (1817), which saw the opportunity to fight in Spain and destroy invaders.
• Nominated himself as president, died of TB months after his resignation.

Question 23

Industrial Rev.

Answer 23

• 18th cent.
• Men’s income for their households, more prestige resided at home.
• Women driven out of factories
• Children worked all day –> 1840s, British parliament abolished child labor; prioritized education.

Question 24

Creoles

Answer 24

• 18th cent.
• Descendants of Spanish settlers ( white people)
• South American settlers w/ little knowledge of a local gov. (Authoritarian)
• Made rev. movements against Europe w/ their political/economic beliefs –> wanted dominance.

Question 25

Mexican-American War

Answer 25

• 1911-1920
• Conservative leaders wanted to subdue the Revolution. The Revolution consisted of fighting for power and new reform.
• Mexico gained a Constitution in 1970, allowing the distribution of land, and control over foreign economic motorship.
• Catholic restrictions made for political issues, racial and class discrimination
• 1 million dying