Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Safavid Empire
A
- 12th ~ 13th cent.
- Shah Ismael left Gilan to escape his family’s enemies; formed Twelver Shiismn religion.
- Safi al-Din became the center of conspiracy for his descendants.
- Changed their religious preferences often, and agreed on a form of Shiism; introduced it to Turkish tribes who moved into the area.
2
Q
Ottoman Empire
A
- Late 12th ~ 19th cent.
- Founded by Osman Bey
- He and his followers sought to become ghazi, Muslims who fought for their faith.
- As Ottomans expanded, they enriched themselves and the central gov.
- Ottomans created a force or slave people (Janissaries), who had esprit de corps (loyalty to the sultan), and the ability to employ new military technology.
3
Q
Vasco da Gama
A
- Portuguese mariner 14th cent.
- Asian and European countries
- Spread of food crops / higher European populations
- Finding new land/crops, expanding Christianity, and combining Chinese and Arabic technologies
4
Q
Mehmed II and Siege of Constantinople
A
- 14th cent.
- Mehmed II laid foundations for absolute rule, had no rival.
- War in Greece and Albania –> invaded Italy
- Successors abandoned plans for expansion in western Europe.
5
Q
Ferdinand Magellan
A
- Portuguese mariner 15th cent.
- First circumnavigation of the world, in the service of Spain
- Found a trade route between Mexico / Philippines
- Voyage took months; Crew died of disease and malnutrition and the political disputes in the Philippines
6
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
- 15th cent. @ Europe
- Martin Luther’s act of rebellion, written the 95 Theses against indulgences
- Reformation taken advantage of by some European monarchs to gain more control over society
6
Q
Conquistadores
A
- 15th cent.
- Spanish conquerors from the Caribbean moved to the American mainland.
- Found Panama and Peru to be prosperous in agriculture and to have great cities and states.
- Aztec and Inca empire decided to take control over the regions.
7
Q
Epidemic disease
A
- 15th cent.
- Caribbean populations down because of smallpox
- 14th cent. Population of 4 million down to a few thousand in 15th cent.
- Native societies wiped out, and only few Taino words were left (canoe, maize)
10
Q
Sugar
A
- 15th cent.
- First of the sugar plantations in Hispaniola.
- Expanded to Mexico, and Portuguese mariners expanded them in the Caribbean and Americas.
- African slaves.
- Slaves with disease (yellow fever, malaria) from work in plantations.
- North American planters encourage more female slaves to create families, as slaves became more expensive, especially in the 18th cent.
11
Q
Zheng He
A
- 15th cent.
- Chinese voyager who travelled through Southeast Asia, western India, and made it all the way to Calicut before Vasco da Gama did.
- Historians argued he was Muslim.
- After his 7th fleet, he moved on to more land issues.
12
Q
Spice trade
A
- 15th cent.
- Europeans attempted to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean –> little success
- Dutch mariners in Indonesian islands concentrated on spice trade, including nutmeg.
- VOC monololy in Java with high profits in European markets in the 17th cent.
- Netherlands was the most prosperous.
13
Q
Akbar
A
- 15th ~ 16th cent.
- Built the Mughal empire
- Deeply interested in religion/philosophy
- Intelligent from getting books read to him daily
- Used Islam for many of his subjects
- Focused on the emperor as a ruler common to all religious/ethnic/social groups in India.
14
Q
Melaka
A
- 15th cent.
- Important trading center, providing the protection of marriage, diverse merchant communities with reps, and Islamization
- Portuguese wanted to Chcristianize people in Melaka and to take control over spices.
- Magellan visited Melaka and went westward to search for spices. He baptized people in Melaka and died in a skirmish at the Philippines.
15
Q
30 Years’ War
A
- 16th cent.
- Damaged economies and 1/3 of the German population
- Caused by the Holy Roman emperor’s efforts to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church
- Occurred in Germany; French, Danish, Spanish, Russian and other people joined the war conflict.
15
Q
Witch hunts
A
- 16th cent. @ Rhineland
- Strong tensions between Roman Catholics and Protestants
- More witch hunts as 30 Years’ War progressed
- Theorists: clandestine witch gatherings, witch es’ supernatural abilities obtained by the devil
- Poor, old, single, and widowed women were easy targets.
16
Q
King Louis XIV
A
- 16th~17th cent.
- @ Versailles in Europe
- Established court rituals, increased authority of the king, provided various entertainments – in exchange for absolute rule.
- Titled himself the “sun king.”
17
Q
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
A
- 16th cent.
- Formed by the government of Holland in Amsterdam, for the purpose of having a single market
- Independent of the government
- Agreed to trade spices in Malaka with the Portuguese if they were expelled from the Malaka islands.
18
Q
Cotton gin
A
- 17th cent.
- American inventor Eli Whitney invented that, and firearms by the use of machines.
- Other entrepreneurs used his method.
- Cotton textiles, major factory made products in the early industrialization period.
- Whitney’s ideas/creations contributed to the evolving factory system in Europe.
19
Q
Ming dynasty’s tributary system
A
- 13th and 16th cent.
- Ignored government affairs, treated themselves well, treated eunuchs well @ Beijing
- Eunuchs’ influence led government to weaken and become corrupt. Chinese generals and Confucian scholar-bureaucrats left because of its inefficiency and corruption.
20
Q
Haitian Rev.
A
- 18th century
- Slaves made a self-governing republic, which was feared by slave owners in Saint-Domingue.
- Slaves inspired other slaves, and it was the first successful slave rebellion.
21
Q
Eurocentrism
A
- Europe drew maps –> more power.
- Europe measured time.
- Europe called itself a continent.
- Europe assumed superiority for reaching Islam first.
- European impact exaggerated in history.
22
Q
Simon Bolivar
A
- 18th cent.
- Many different roles (newspaper publisher, politician, diolomat, dictator, etc.)
- Venezualan, Creole aristocrat, dedicating his life to politics
- Published a doc, Manifesto of Cartagena (1817), which saw the opportunity to fight in Spain and destroy invaders.
- Nominated himself as president, died of TB months after his resignation.
23
Q
Industrial Rev.
A
- 18th cent.
- Men’s income for their households, more prestige resided at home.
- Women driven out of factories
- Children worked all day –> 1840s, British parliament abolished child labor; prioritized education.
24
Q
Creoles
A
- 18th cent.
- Descendants of Spanish settlers ( white people)
- South American settlers w/ little knowledge of a local gov. (Authoritarian)
- Made rev. movements against Europe w/ their political/economic beliefs –> wanted dominance.
25
Q
Mexican-American War
A
- 1911-1920
- Conservative leaders wanted to subdue the Revolution. The Revolution consisted of fighting for power and new reform.
- Mexico gained a Constitution in 1970, allowing the distribution of land, and control over foreign economic motorship.
- Catholic restrictions made for political issues, racial and class discrimination
- 1 million dying
