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Sociología > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Troubles

A

Happen to individuals within their immediate range

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2
Q

Issues

A

Affect organizations and societies, not individuals

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3
Q

Social problems

A

Behaviours and conditions that objectively and subjectively harm a significant group of people

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4
Q

Intragenerational mobility

A

Comparing one’s first job to their current job

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5
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

Comparing a parents job to the current job of their children

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6
Q

Ascription-based stratification system

A

Your families station in life determines your own fortunes

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7
Q

Achievement-based stratification system

A

Your own achievements determine your lot in life

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8
Q

Human capital

A

Investment in training and education

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9
Q

Social capital

A

Strong ties to high status individuals

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10
Q

Cultural capital

A

Social and financial capacity to acquire high status cultural signals

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11
Q

Monogenism

A

All humans deriving from a single source

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12
Q

Dependency theory

A

Rich countries impoverishing poor countries to enrich themselves

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13
Q

Core countries

A

Capitalist countries, the world’s major sources of capital and tech (US, Japan, Germany)

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14
Q

Peripheral countries

A

The world’s major sources of raw materials and cheap labour

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15
Q

Semiperipheral countries

A

Former colonies making headway in becoming prosperous

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16
Q

Modernization theory

A

The importance of values and norms as drivers of development (eg entrepreneurship)

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17
Q

Washington consensus

A

Neoliberalism approach; market liberalization, privatization, and austerity

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18
Q

Structural adjustment programs

A

IMF and the world Bank helping poor countries in debt in exchange for restructuring the country to benefit the lenders

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19
Q

Import substitution

A

Replacing foreign produced manufactured goods with local ones

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20
Q

Time-space compression

A

We are no longer slowed down by distance and time differences

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21
Q

Digital divide

A

Inequality of access to means of communication

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22
Q

Top-down globalization

A

Promoting globalized capitalism and free trade. Neoliberalism

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23
Q

Bottom - up globalization

A

Groups criticizing globalization injustices

24
Q

Democratic deficit

A

Citizens are disenfranchised from the process of governance

25
Q

Global commodity chain

A

Worldwide network of labour and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity

26
Q

Export processing zones

A

Special financial deals are used to lure corporations to set up shop and provide jobs for locals

27
Q

Race

A

Socially constructed category of people who share certain biologically transmitted traits

28
Q

Racism

A

Harmful discrimination of a group of people considered of a certain race based on the belief that their race makes them inferior and deserving of being harmed/disadvantaged. Both an ideology and a practice

29
Q

Ethnicity

A

A shared cultural heritage eg. common ancestry, history, language, religion, tradition, cultural values and norms, art, music

30
Q

Othering

A

Claiming difference from one’s self for the purpose of insinuating the other person’s/country’s/region’s/gender’s/disability/age/class/culture/race’s inferiority (eg. racism is a system of othering)

31
Q

Prejudice

A

Rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people, irrational judgements not founded on evidence

32
Q

Stereotype

A

Fixed and over-simplified description applied to everyone in a category

33
Q

Discrimination

A

Unequal treatment of categories of people

34
Q

Radical Feminism

A

Sex division is the primary division in society, women have been constructed as the Other to men (the universal human being), women are sexualized. Gender itself must be questioned and eliminated. Form women to be liberated, women’s bodies must be separated from the process of childbearing

35
Q

Liberal Feminism

A

Customs and law decide the sexes into 2 arbitrary gender roles. They advocate for expending the rights and opportunities of women without changes the basic structure of society. Women should advance according to their own efforts rather than working collectively for change as long as legal and cultural barriers are removed

36
Q

Marxist/Socialist Feminism

A

Class inequality is the root of women’s oppression. Gender inequality cannot be eliminated without eliminating class inequality

37
Q

Types of Racism

A

Systemic, cultural, environmental (hazards that disproportionately affects minorities), institutional (like systemic, but only present in 1 system such as health care), individual (acting on racist beliefs)
SICIE

38
Q

Role

A

A status that can be occupied by a person, which has a set of norms attached to it, and which therefore has patterns of behaviour associated with it

39
Q

Looking Glass Self, C.H. Cooley

A
  • How we believe we appear to others
    • How we think others judge that appearance
    • How we feel about that
      Others are our mirror. Our perceptions of what others think is what matters in how we see ourselves
40
Q

Status First Meaning

A

Any position in socially organized life that an individual can occupy, and that is recognized by other people eg. brother, librarian, soccer player. One’s social position, unrankable.

41
Q

Status Second Meaning

A

Prestige/honour. Used to indicate the relative ‘social worth’ of something or someone, like a role, group or person, according to prevailing standards. Hierarchical concept.

42
Q

Objectification

A

Viewed as being without thoughts and feelings

43
Q

Socialization

A

The process through which people acquire culture. Through this, people move from simply being human being to being members of a specific society, subgroups within that society, and sometimes collectivities that transcend societies. Socialization is one of the most central processes in social life.

44
Q

Sources of power according to documentary

A

Physical strength, exercising violence, dominating women

45
Q

The Self, MEAD

A

Self awareness and self-image
- Develops through social interaction
- Finish the sentance “I am…”
- Humans have interpretive capacity - ascribing meaning to objects as opposed to just reacting to them as stimuli
- Social interaction involves seeing ourselves as others see us - a process known as “taking the role of others”
Me: What you take from others
I: autonomous, indépendant

46
Q

Stages/Agents of Socialization

A
  • Significant Other - folks in the early socialization of children
    • Generalized other - culture, media, government
    • Primary socialization - socialization that happens during childhood that enables a human being to become social
    • Secondary socialization - subsequent socialization that follows outside the family, after childhood
47
Q

Structural Functionalist Approach to Family

A
  • Serves as an agent of socialization
    • Regulates sexual activity
    • Procreation and taking care of children and the elderly
    • Nuclear heterosexual family is the ideal social unit in which to raise children
    • Gender inequality within the family based on a gendered division of labour promotes family stability
48
Q

Social-Conflict Approach to Family

A
  • Gender inequality emerged with the emergence of the 1st-class-based (wealth unequal) societies
    • Family structure is related to the development of the forces of production
    • Gender inequality and families based on male domination over the female, emerged in societies with wealth inequality
    • Class inequality (unequal ownership over property) gave rise to the patriarchal monogamous family characterized by
      • Concern by males that females bear their children for inheritance purposes, so monogamy is imposed
      • Sexuality becomes a commodity (can be bought/sold eg the woman is seen as something that is consumed) leading to male infidelity
49
Q

Fundamentalism

A

conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation and seeks to restore traditional religion

50
Q

Religion

A

A social institution consisting of beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred (extra-ordinary that transcends everyday experience)

51
Q

Faith

A

Belief based on the conviction rather than scientific evidence

52
Q

Animism

A

Belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms; everything that is part of nature contains a divine element

53
Q

Social Conflict Approach on Religion

A

Sustains social inequality (when certain ideas, claimed to be religious by a certain group in society, are in reality beneficial for the group’s interests)

	- Suffering in this life but being rewarded in heaven
	- Discouraging violence and encouraging forgiveness
54
Q

Structural Functionalist Approach on Religion

A

Social cohesion through shared symbolic values, beliefs, and norms. Social control

55
Q

Structural Functionalism on Education

A
  • Agent of socialization - cultural values and norms

- Teach new generations the roles and skills they need to be functional citizens

56
Q

Symbolic Interactionism on Education

A
  • Teach meanings

- Development of self through social interaction, the sense of self we develop is based on how we think others see us

57
Q

Social Conflict Approach on Education

A
  • Promotes the use of agency in ways that reproduce the structure
    • A mechanisms for transmitting dominant ideology: promotes values such as competition, individualism, individual merit, and consumerism
    • Reproduces social inequalities- relationship between socioeconomic status and student success

Sociología (2 decks)

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