Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LARE SECTION 4 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

wearing away by friction

A

abrasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the course along which the center line of a roadway or channel is located

A

alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the angle of which the slope face of a bank of loose material makes with horizontal

A

angle of repose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rainfall that has recently preceded the storm event being analyzed

A

antecedent precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a structure for collecting runoff from relatively small paved areas

A

area drain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a vertical wall at the end of a culvert to support the pipe and prevent her from spilling into the channel

A

headwall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cross-sectional area flow of a pipe or channel divided by the wetted perimeter

A

hydraulic radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the load-supporting capacity of soil

A

bearing capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

planing or smoothing the ground surface

A

blading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a source of earth fill materials used in construction of embankments or other earth fill structures

A

borrow area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

receptacle with a sediment bowl or sump for diverting surface water to a subsurface pipe

A

catch basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a graph showing, for a given point on a channel, the discharge, stage, velocity or other property of water with respect to time

A

hydrograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vegetative cover, residue, and surface roughness of the soil as they may affect potential runoff

A

hydrologic condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the process determining the location of elevations from the plotted locations of known elevations

A

interpolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a formula expressing the principle of conservation of mass as applied to flow of water, which states that the product of cross section of flow and velocity at any point in a channel is a constant

A

continuity equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

an imaginary line, or its representation on a map, following all points at the same elevation above or below and given datum

A

contour line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the depth of flow in an open channel at which critical flow occurs. For given flow rate, depths greater than critical results in subcritical, or tranquil, flow. Those smaller than critical result in supercritical, or rapid, flow.

A

critical depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

an unstable flow condition in open channel which occurs at critical depth

A

critical flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

velocity of flow in an open channel which occurs at critical depth

A

critical velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the lowest point of an internal cross section of a pipe or channel

A

invert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

any structure not classified as a bridge which provides a waterway or other opening under a road

A

culvert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a small ditch, constructed in flat bottoms of larger ditches or detention basins, to facilitate their drainage during periods of low flow

A

low-flow channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

horizontal reference plane used as a basis for computing elevations

A

datum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

and impoundment, normally dry, for temporarily storing storm runoff from a drainage area to reduce the peak rate of flow

A

detention basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

flow rate in a culvert, pipe, or channel

A

discharge (q)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

a channel, with or without a supporting ridge on the lower side, constructed across a slope to intercept surface runoff

A

diversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the area drained by channel or subsurface drain

A

drainage area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the study of soil from the standpoint of higher plants and crop production

A

edaphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the altitude relative to a given datum or a scale drawing of the facade of a structure.

A

elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

an arrangement for conveying surface water to and under drain

A

inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

a channel for safety conveying flood discharges exceeding the capacity of the principal spillway of a detention or retention pond

A

emergency spillway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the susceptibility of soil material to detachment and transportation by running water or wind

A

erodibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, ice and gravity

A

erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

losses before runoff begins, including infiltration, evaporation, interception by vegetation, and water retention in surface depressions

A

initial abstraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

a formula for calculating the velocity of flow in a channel as a function of relative roughness, cross-sectional configuration, and gradient

A

Manning’s equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

a vegetative buffer zone for removing sediments and pollutants before runoff reaches ponds, waterways, and other drainage facilities

A

filter strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

preparation of the subgrade preceding placement of surfacing materials

A

fine grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

an open surface storage area with no outlet, except an emergency spillway, which permits runoff to infiltrate the soil

A

infiltration basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

soil water that moves by gravity, in contrast to capillary and hydroscopic water

A

free water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the downward entry of water into the surface of a soil or other material, as contrasted with percolation, which is movement of water through soil layers or material

A

infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

property of a material through which water will not flow under ordinary hydrostatic pressure

A

imperviousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the completed surfaces of lawns, walks and roads brought to grades as designed

A

finished grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the undisturbed natural surface of the ground

A

natural grade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the grades established in preparation for top surfacing

A

subgrade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

degree of inclination of a surface, road, or pipe, usually expressed as a percentage

A

gradient

46
Q

the concept of a closed system, involving the transformation of water from the vapor phase to the liquid (and solid) phase back to the vapor phase, and the movement of that water

A

hydrologic cycle

47
Q

a natural or constructed channel, usually broad and shallow and covered with erosion resistant vegetation, used to conduct surface runoff

A

grassed waterway

48
Q

the greatest a proportion of precipitation that could possibly be retained by a specific soil and land use combination

A

maximum potential retention (s)

49
Q

an extension of the rational method for calculating the rate of runoff from a drainage area, including provisions for antecedent precipitation and for development of hydrographs

A

modified rational method (MRM)

50
Q

percentage, by weight, of water contained in the soil or other material, usually based on dry weight

A

moisture content

51
Q

point of water disposal from a stream, River, Lake, Tidewater, or artificial drain

A

outlet

52
Q

maximum instantaneous flow rate resulting from a given storm condition at a specific location

A

peak discharge

53
Q

movement of water toward water table

A

percolation

54
Q

measure of alkalinity or acidity. pH 7 in neutral pH 6.5 represents a desirable degree of soil acidity

A

pH

55
Q

a component of retention or detention ponds, generally constructed of permanent materials. It is desired to regulate the normal water level, provide flood protection, and or reduce the frequency of operation of the emergency spillway

A

principal spillway

56
Q

the study of the soil as a natural body, including its origin, characteristics, classification, and description

A

pedology

57
Q

the rate at which rain falls. measured in inches per hour

A

rainfall intensity (i)

58
Q

the formula for calculating the peak runoff rate from a drainage area based on land use, soils, land slope, rainfall intensity, and drainage area

A

rational method

59
Q

the portion of a hydrograph that occurs after peak when the flow rate decreases

A

recession (hydrograph)

60
Q

a reservoir, containing a permanent pool, for temporarily storing storm runoff and reducing the storm runoff rate from a drainage area

A

retention basin

61
Q

the portion of a hydrograph preceding the peak when the flow rate increases

A

Rising limb (hydrograph)

62
Q

a factor in the Manning formula representing the effect of channel or conduit roughness on energy losses in the flowing water

A

roughness coefficient (n)

63
Q

the part of precipitation carried off from the area on which it falls. Also, the rate of surface discharge of the above. the ratio of runoff to precipitation is a coefficient, expressed as a decimal

A

runoff

64
Q

National Resource Conservation Service…formely Soil Conservation Service, a federal agency in the Department of Agriculture, dealing with erosion and flood control

A

NRCS/ SCS

65
Q

solid material, both mineral and organic, in suspension, being transported, or having being moved from its original site, by air, water, gravity, or ice

A

sediment

66
Q

a reservoir formed by the construction of a barrier or dam built at a suitable location to permit the settling out of sediment, before releasing water

A

sediment basin

67
Q

Force per unit area exerted on a wetted area of a channel, acting in the direction of flow

A

shear stress

68
Q

a soil classification system based on infiltration and potential runoff characteristics

A

hydrologic soil group (HSG)

69
Q

distance between approaching vehicles when first visible to one another on a horizontal or vertical curve

A

sight distance

70
Q

the face of an embankment or a cut section. any ground whose surface makes an angle with the horizontal plane

A

slope

71
Q

a pervious backfield trench containing a pipe with perforation or open joints for the purpose of intercepting groundwater or seepage

A

subdrain

72
Q

the rise of the outer edge of the pavement relative to the inner edge at a curve in a highway, expressed in feet per foot, intended to overcome the tendency of speeding vehicles to overturn when rounding a curve

A

superelevation

73
Q

constructed or natural grass or vegetated waterway

A

swale

74
Q

a straight road segment connecting two curves

A

tangent

75
Q

the time for water to flow from the hydraulically most remote point in a drainage area to the point of interest

A

time of concentration (Tc)

76
Q

period of time from the peak of a hydrograph until it reaches the beginning flow rate

A

time of recession (Trec)

77
Q

period of time from the beginning flow rate until the peak flow rate is reached

A

time of rise (Trise)

78
Q

the time for runoff to flow from one point in a drainage area to another

A

travel time (Tt)

79
Q

a reservoir that has a provision for removing pollutants from stormwater runoff by retaining the runoff from high frequency storms (1-2 yr freq.) prolonged periods 18 to 36 hours

A

water quality basin

80
Q

region or area contributing to the supply of a stream or lake

A

watershed

81
Q

the level below which the ground is saturated

A

water table

82
Q

an opening in the crest of a dam or an embankment to discharge excess water, also used for measuring the rate of discharge

A

Weir

83
Q

the length of a wetted contact between the water and the containing conduit, measured along a plane that is perpendicular to the conduit

A

wetted perimeter

84
Q

a line between two points on the ground and indicated on a survey map, reference to North, which is the basis for property boundaries or other information on a survey showing horizontal relationships of objects to each other

A

basis of bearing

85
Q

a fixed point on the ground who’s location and relative elevation is known, marked by temporary or permanent markers, usually shown on topographic survey

A

benchmark

86
Q

a branch of engineering science concerned with the flow of liquids, usually in channels, pipes, or porous media

A

hydraulics

87
Q

the study of water

A

hydrology

88
Q

graphical device used to solve mathematical or scientific equations with multiple variables. mathematical equation that has been transferred into graphical representation

A

nomograph

89
Q

a line of elevations which are higher than elevations on the other side. often defines the boundries of a watershed. (water spreading)

A

Ridge

90
Q

align of elevations which are lower than elevations on either side. often define stream channels or flowlines for watershed. (water gathering)

A

Valley

91
Q

the magnitude of a force exerted along the long axis of an object which will try to tear apart

A

Tension

92
Q

the result of subjecting a material to stress, resulting in a reduction of volume, measures concrete strength

A

Compression

93
Q

a substance’s to be deformed temporarily, when force is applied

A

Elasticity

94
Q

describes the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces

A

Plasticity

95
Q

the internal resistance a material offers to being deformed

A

Stress

96
Q

a failure of a material by its being pulled apart by tension

A

Rupture

97
Q

the stress state caused by a pair of opposing forces acting along parallel lines of action through the material

A

Shear

98
Q

the progressive and localized damage that occurs when a material is subject to cyclical loading

A

Fatigue

99
Q

weight of a structure per unit area

A

Dead Load

100
Q

the dynamic load applied to a structure

A

Live Load

101
Q

vegetation that poisons soil to limit competition

A

Allelopathy

102
Q

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity in soils. pH levels range from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, Under 7, acidic and above 7, alkaline.

What is the optimum pH range for most plants?

A

5.5 to 7.0

103
Q

relatively large amounts, the soil supplies nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur

A

Macronutrient

104
Q

There are 7 essential plant nutrient elements, boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl). They constitute in total less than 1% of the dry weight of most plants

A

Micronutrient

105
Q

abnormal reduction or loss of the normal green coloration of leaves of plants, typically caused by iron deficiency in lime-rich soils, or by disease or lack of light

A

Chlorosis

106
Q

the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere

A

Transpiration

107
Q

cube shape tree

A

Pleaching

108
Q

the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms

A

Humus

109
Q

a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests

A

Integrated Pest Management - IPM

110
Q

how many square feet in an acre?

A

43,560 (acre foot = 12” depth)

LARE SECTION 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions