Terms

Question 1

Gametophyte

Answer 1

gametes

Question 2

Sporophyte

Answer 2

2n, spores

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

Different forms of the same gene

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

The basic unit of inheritance

Question 5

Parental Generation

Answer 5

The male and female that produce the F1 Generation

Question 6

First Filial Generation

Answer 6

F1, the products of the parental generation

Question 7

Second Filial Generation

Answer 7

F2, the products of the F1 self pollination or testcross

Question 8

Genotype

Answer 8

Genetic constitution of each individual

Question 9

Phenotype

Answer 9

Appearance of an organism as a result of the genotype

Question 10

Independent Assortment

Answer 10

The segregation of alleles on one chromosome is independent of the other chromosomes

Question 11

Monohybrid

Answer 11

Follow only one trait

Question 12

Dihybrid

Answer 12

Follow two traits

Question 13

Product Rule

Answer 13

The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities. That is, in a testcross the recessive allele of one gene occurs in 1/2 of the progeny. The recessive allele of another gene is also 1/2 the progeny.

Question 14

Probability

Answer 14

The number of times an event is expected divided by the number of opportunities

Question 15

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 15

Heterozygote is intermediate between two homozygous types. Example: Red and white flower makes pink

Question 16

Sum Rule

Answer 16

Probability of either one of two mutually exclusive events

Question 17

Multiple Alleles

Answer 17

Refer to a series of alleles with different effects

Question 18

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 18

A produces condition, trait occurs in every generation, at least one parent has to be affected, unaffected individuals cannot produce affected offspring

Question 19

Lethal Alleles

Answer 19

Some alleles have a phenotypic effect as a heterozygote, but exhibit a recessive lethality. Allele causes a dominant phenotype when heterozygous and there is a recessive lethality

Question 20

Pleiotropic

Answer 20

Term applied to mutations that have multiple effects such as no tail and lethality. Lethality is due to loss of necessary biochemical function or incorrect development

Question 21

Semilethal

Answer 21

Only some individuals of a genotype die–lethality can be conditional or affected by environment

Question 22

Epistasis

Answer 22

An allele of one gene eliminates the ability to recognize alternative phenotypes produced by a second gene. Ex. Golden Retriever coat color

Question 23

Complementary Genes

Answer 23

Refer to the situation in which mutations in different genes give the same phenotype. If cross them together, they have a normal phenotype. They give a 9:7 ratio in F2

Question 24

Duplicate Genes

Answer 24

Two genes either one of which can provide normal function. Both must be mutant to produce phenotype. Produces a 15:1 ratio

Question 25

Penetrance

Answer 25

The percentage of individuals of a genotype that show the phenotype associated with that genotype. Not every individual with the mutation shows a phenotype that deviates from normal

Question 26

Monohybrid

Answer 26

Follow only one trait

Question 27

Dihybrid

Answer 27

Follow two traits

Question 28

Autosome

Answer 28

Non-sex chromosome

Question 29

Gamete

Answer 29

A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

Question 30

Zygote

Answer 30

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum

Question 31

Meiosis

Answer 31

Produces four daughter cells and none are identical to each other or to the mother cell, haploid, two rounds of division

Question 32

Mitosis

Answer 32

Produces two new daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the mother cell, diploid, one round of division

Question 33

Haploid

Answer 33

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Question 34

Diploid

Answer 34

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Question 35

Segregation

Answer 35

The separation of pairs of alleles at meiosis and their independent transmission via separate gametes

Question 36

Prokaryote

Answer 36

Circular genome, no meiosis, no nucleus

Question 37

Eukaryote

Answer 37

Has nucleus and chromosomes, meiosis, cell multiplication by mitosis, fertilization or other type of gamete fusion

Question 38

Dominant

Answer 38

Rr or RR

Question 39

Recessive

Answer 39

rr

Question 40

Z/W Sex Chromosome

Answer 40

Birds and butterflies, wild strawberries

Question 41

Sex Limited

Answer 41

Expressed in one sex or the other but the gene can be located anywhere in the genome

Question 42

Homozygous

Answer 42

Same

Question 43

Heterozygous

Answer 43

Different

Question 44

Testcross

Answer 44

Involves the breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual, in order to determine the zygosity of the former by analyzing proportions of offspring phenotypes

Question 45

Expressivity

Answer 45

The degree that a genotype is exhibited in the phenotype. A mutant phenotype can be expressed at different levels of severity

Question 46

Autosomal Recessive

Answer 46

a produces condition, parents are usually unaffected trait tends to skip generations, two affected parents can not have unaffected offspring

Question 47

Hermaphroditic

Answer 47

Condition when individuals of a species produce gametes of both sexes (most plants)

Question 48

Homomorphic Sex Chromosome

Answer 48

A pair of chromosomes like any other but differ for the major sex determination gene, example is fish

Question 49

Heteromorphic Sex Chromosome

Answer 49

One of the homologues carrying the major sex determination gene becomes degenerate or otherwise cytologically distinct, example is humans

Question 50

Homogametic Sex

Answer 50

The sex with a pair of the same sex chromosomes: XX females in humans or ZZ males in birds

Question 51

Heterogametic Sex

Answer 51

The sex carrying different types of sex chromosomes: XY males in humans or WZ females in birds

Question 52

Hemizygous

Answer 52

A chromosome in a diploid organism with only one copy

Question 53

X-linked

Answer 53

a gene on the X chromosome

Question 54

Y-linked

Answer 54

a gene on the Y chromosome

Question 55

X-linked dominant

Answer 55

Affected males pass trait to all daughters but not to sons, affected females pass the trait to 1/2 of their sons and 1/2 of their daughters

Question 56

X-linked recessive

Answer 56

Many more males than females show trait, offspring of affected male will not be affected, all daughter will be carries, sons of affected males do not inherit X from fathers so they are not affected nor a carrier