Terms Flashcards
Training the last behavior in a chain first, then training to the next to last behavior, then the behavior before that, and so on. Back training takes advantage of the Premack principle
Back-chaining
A euphemism used to describe a mix of traditional or punishment based training and other training techniques, such as clicker training
Balance training
Any observable action and animal does
Behavior
A series of behaviors linked together in a continuous sequence by cues, and maintained by a reinforcer at the end of the chain. Each Q serves as a marker and the reinforcer for the previous behavior, and the queue for the next behavior
Behavior chain
And event marker that identifies the desired response and bridges the time between the response and the delivery of the primary reinforcer.
Bridging stimulus
Subtle body signals used by dogs to indicate stress and to avoid or defuse confrontation and aggression
Calming signals
The process of combining multiple here’s into a continuous sequence linked together by cues, and maintained by reinforcer at the end of the chain. Each cue serves as the marker and the reinforcer for the previous behavior, and the cue for the next behavior
Chaining
The process of associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response until the stimulus elicits the response
Classical conditioning
A type of training using all five principles of operant conditioning to modify behaviour.
Combined training
The traditional style of dog training, where the dog is modeled or otherwise compelled to perform the behavior and physically corrected for non-compliance.
Compulsion training
A conditioned stimulus that signifies that an aversive is coming. Used to deter or interrupt behavior; if the behavior halts or changes, the aversive maybe avoided.
Conditioned punisher
A neutral stimulus paired with a primary reinforcer until the neutral stimulus takes on the reinforcing properties of the primary. A clicker, after being repeatedly associated with the food tree or other reinforcer, becomes…
Conditioned reinforcer
Any stimulus that has preceded a particular behavior or event sufficiently often to provoke awareness or response. Clicks and cues are both examples of this…
Conditioned stimulus
The result of an action. Consequences frequently, but not always, affect future behavior, making the behavior more or less likely to occur. The five principles of operant conditioning and describe the potential results.
Consequence
The simplest schedule of reinforcement. Every desired response is reinforced.
Continuous reinforcement
A euphemism for the application of a physical aversive. The aversive is intended to communicate that the dog did something wrong. In some cases, the trainer then guides the dog through the desired behavior. The application of an aversive followed by a desired behavior is considered instructive, thus the euphemism is…
Correction
Pairing one stimulus that evokes one response with another evokes opposite response, so that the first stimulus comes to evoke the second response.
Counter conditioning
The specific, trainer-defined characteristics of a desired response in a training session.The training clips at the instant the animal achieves each criterion.
Criteria
A dog that has previously been trained by a non-clicker method is now being clicker trained.
Crossover dog
A trainer who previously used non-clicker method to train animals and is now clicker training
Crossover trainer
A stimulus that elicits of behavior. Cues maybe verbal, physical, or environmental.
Cue
The process of increasing and animals tolerance to a particular stimulus by gradually increasing the presence of the stimulus
Desensitization
Some responses are rewarded and others aren’t. For example a trainer wanting tucked sits would reward all tucked sits and ignore all others.
Differential reinforcement
Anything in the environment that your dog wants. Trainers can use access to these things as powerful reinforcers for desired behavior.
Environmental reinforcer
A signal used to Mark desired behaviors at the instant it occurs.
Event marker
The weakening of a behaviour to non-reinforcement or ignoring the behavior..
Extinction
A characteristic of extinction. If he previously reinforce behavior is not reinforced, the animal will increase the intensity or frequency of the behavior in an attempt to earn the reinforcement again.
Extinction burst
A schedule of reinforcement in which the trainer reinforces a desired behavior after specific period of time - for example every minute.
Fixed interval
A schedule of reinforcement in which the trainer reinforces a desired behavior after specific number of responses. Two-fers and three-fers are examples.
Fixed ratio
And incorrect reference to the commonly seen chart illustrating the concepts of reinforcement and punishment. This description is misleading in two ways. It neglects to mention extinction, and it implies that all principles of operant conditioning and are equal value in a training program.
Four quadrants of operant conditioning
The ability to get used to and stop reacting to meaningless stimuli
Habituation
Similar to a horses halter, a dog’s head halter give the trainer control of the dogs had, making it easier to manage a dog on a leash until the dog has been taught to walk at the handlers side.
Head halter
The trainer reinforces according to a time schedule. In a fixed interval, the trainer reinforces the desired response after specific period of time - for example every minute. When the trainer reinforces after varying periods of time within a certain timeframe it is…
Interval reinforcement
A mega reward given after a particularly exceptional effort
Jackpot
A signal, verbal or otherwise, given in the middle of a behavior to tell the dog he is doing to behavior correctly and should keep doing what he’s doing.
Keep going signals (KGS)
The time between the Q and the response. Ideally, the time is zero or as close to immediate as possible.
Latency
He hands off a method of guiding the dog threw up here.
Luring
A signal used to mark desired behavior at the instant it occurs.
Marker
A technique used in traditional training to get a behaviour. At the outset, the dog is physically guided, or otherwise compelled, into doing the behavior.
Modeling
Taking away something the animal will work for her to suppress a behaviour. For example, a dog jumps on you to get attention. By turning your back or leave in the room you apply…
Negative punishment
Removing something the animal will work to avoid to strengthen the heater. Healing is traditionally taught through R-. The dog receives a correction when he walks anywhere except in healing position. walking in heels position increases, because that is the only safe place - because the threat of correction is removed by walking there.
Negative reinforcement
Intended to be a signal to say “no” that isn’t what I want. From the operant conditioning a perspective, it’s intended to add a verbal cue to extinction.
No reward marker (NRM)
The process of changing and animals response to a certain stimulus by manipulating the consequences that immediately follow the response. The five principles of operant conditioning for developed by B.F. Skinner.
Operant Conditioning (OC)
Criteria that are found in the final behavior.
Permanent criteria
No longer reinforcing for the dog
Poison(ed)
Adding something the animal work to avoid to suppress of the hater. For example, jerking on the lease to stop a dog from jumping on someone is…
Positive punishment (P+)
Adding something the animal work for her to strengthen it behavior. For example, giving the dog a treat for sitting in order to increase the possibility that the dog will sit again.
Positive reinforcement (R+)
A theory stating that a stronger response or preferred to respond will reinforce a weaker response.
Premack Principle
A reinforcer that the animal is more in a meeting. Food, water, and sex are…
Primary reinforcer
Teaching your dog to perform a behavior in the presence of distractions.
Proofing
In operant conditioning, A consequence to a behavior in which something is added or removed from the situation to make the Haver less likely to occur in the future.
Punishment
A number of reinforcers given for desired responses in a specific period of time.
Rate of reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement in which the trainer reinforces desired behavior based on the number of responses.
Ratio
In operant conditioning, a consequence to a behavior in which something is added to or removed from the situation to make the behavior more likely to occur in the future.
Reinforcer
A word that signals the end of the behavior. After a behavior is strong, clicker trainers replace the clicker with the release word.
Release word
The process of associating a neutral stimulus with an in voluntary response until a stimulus elicits a response. A famous example was the discovery of Ivan Pavlov: dogs drool when they hear a bell that was previously paired with food. Also called classical conditioning.
Respondent conditioning
A conditioned reinforcer. A reinforcer the animal is not born meeting.
Secondary reinforcer
Building new behavior by selectively reinforcing variations in existing behavior, during the action rather than after completion, to increase or strengthen the behavior in a specific manner or direction.
Shaping
Characteristic of extinction in which a behavior that was thought to be extinct unexpectedly reappears.
Spontaneous recovery
A change in the environment.
Stimulus
A conditioned stimulus becomes a discriminative stimulus when it is followed by a specific learned behavior or reaction. The response is said to be under stimulus control when presentation of the particular stimulus fulfills these for conditions.
Stimulus control
Increasing or altering a behavior incrementally by repeatedly changing the environment to amplify workstand the behavior. For example, increasing the weight of the load or height of the jump by small increments to amplify the effort for to pull a load or two jump and obstacle.
Successive approximation
Something the animal is taught to touch with some part of his body.
Target
A mobile target the animal is taught to follow.
Target stick
Criteria that are stepping stone to a final behavior that won’t, in their current form, be present in their final behavior.
Temporary criteria
The animal has to perform three behaviors in order to earn one click and one treat
Three-fer
The timing of the clicker. Ideally, the click should occur at exactly the same instant target criteria is achieved.
Timing
Compulsion training, the traditional training is characterized by modeling for Lori to get the behavior, and the use of negative reinforcement and positive punishment to prove that.
Traditional training
A preset period of time set aside for training.
Training period
Either pre-set period of time or preset number of repetitions. Criteria should remain constant during a single session.
Training session
A period of time devoted solely to training either the duration of the session or number of repetitions can be decided in advance.
Training session
The animal have to preform to behaviors in order to earn one click and one treat.
Two-get
A schedule of reinforcement in which the trainer reinforces desired behavior after varying periods of time within a certain timeframe.
Variable interval
A schedule of reinforcement in which the trainer reinforces desired behavior after varying numbers of correct responses.
Variable ratio
Technically, either a variable interval or variable ratio. However, most trainers use a VSR to mean a variable ratio.
Variable schedule of reinforcement (VSR)
Any circumstance or event that causes pain, fear, or emotional discomfort.
Aversive
