Terms

Question 1

Tempo

Answer 1

The duration of connected speech, average tempo is 5-5.6 syllables per second

Question 2

Intonation

Answer 2

The rise and fall of the voice

Falling intonation associated with questioned and statements of finality

Rising intonation associated with questions or incomplete statements

Question 3

Coarticulation

Answer 3

When we talk it is necessary to overlap the production of the various phonemes to maintain the rapidity of connected speech. The overlapping of the articulators during speech production is Coarticulation.

Question 4

Vowel reduction

Answer 4

The full weight of a vowel such as /æ/ becomes more like /ē/ (upside down e) when spoken in connected speech

Question 5

Elision

Answer 5

The phoneme is eliminated during production due to phonetic context

Question 6

Tense vs lax

Answer 6

Tense vowels: Longer in duration and require more muscular efforts

Lax: shorter duration and less macular efforts

Question 7

Epenthesis

Answer 7

Addition of phonemes during some productions.

Reasons:

1. ) Coarticulation
2. ) variation in production
3. ) speech disorders

Question 8

Cluster reduction

Answer 8

Results in deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster

Example: play becomes pay

Question 9

Sentence stressing

Answer 9

Sentences stress last word but word order isn’t the only indicator

Sometimes important words of sentences are stressed

Question 10

Re duplication

Answer 10

Repetition of a syllable in a word.

Mommy becomes mama

Usually gone around three

Question 11

Final consonant deletion

Answer 11

Effectively reduces a syllable to cv pattern (open syllable)

Disappears at 3

Question 12

Manner of production

Answer 12

This way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract on production of consonants

Question 13

Connected speech vs citation form

Answer 13

Connected speech: two or more words joined together at a time

Citation form speech: words are produced one at a time. Words spoken very clear and proper. Robotic, unnatural.

Question 14

Weak syllable deletion

Answer 14

Involves the omission of weak syllables either preceding or following a stressed syllable.

Disappears age three

Question 15

Metathesis

Answer 15

The transposition of sounds in a word (slip of the tongue/ dialect productions)

Ask becomes aks

Animal becomes aminal

Question 16

Obstruent

Answer 16

A class of sounds (with a nose source) including the stops, fricatives, and affricates - produced with a constriction on the oral cavity that results in turbulence in the airstream

Examples: /p/ /b/ /t/

Question 17

Cognates

Answer 17

Phonemes that differ only in voicing.

Examples: /k/ /g/
/f/ /v/
/p/ /b/

Question 18

Stops/plosives

Answer 18

Produced by completely obstructing the airstream once it enters the oral cavity. Air pressure within the oral cavity impedes air stream that can not escape oral cavity.

Friction noise during voiceless stop - aspiration

Question 19

How is a vowel produced

Answer 19

Produced without significant constriction or blockage in the vocal tract

All vowels are voiced - during vowel production air flows to pharynx

Primary articulators of a vowel in the tongue

Question 20

Substitution process

Answer 20

Involves the replacement of one class of phonemes for another

Question 21

Ways to produce /r/

Answer 21

Retroflexed r: raising the tongue and curling it back towards alveolar ridge (back of tongue creates second place of construction)

Bunched production: lowering the tip of the tongue and raising the blade, root forms paryngeal

Question 22

Sonorants

Answer 22

A class of sounds produced with resonance throughout the entire vocal tract

Example: the nasals, glides, linquids are produced with little constriction in the vocal tract therefore without turbulence in airstream

Example: all nasals… /m/ /n/… Etc

Question 23

Fricatives

Answer 23

Produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel or constriction in the vocal tract.

Articulators don’t close completely in production

Can be voiced or voiceless

Question 24

Articulation points for vowels

Answer 24

Linguadental, labiodental, alveolar, palatal, glottal

Question 25

Monophthongs vs diphthongs

Answer 25

Monophthongs: most vowels. One primary artic position in vocal tract

Diphthongs: vowel sounds that have two distinct articulatory positions

Question 26

Three back, central, front vowels

Answer 26

Back vowels: /u/ /υ/ /O/
Central vowels: the “er’s” and upside down e.
Front vowels: /i/ /I/ /ε/

Question 27

Motto

Answer 27

Ain’t no party like a fricative party cause a fricative party don’t stop

Question 28

What are two types of assimilation

Answer 28

Regressive: when the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it

Progressive: when a phoneme is changed as the result of a preceding phoneme before it