Terms Flashcards
0
Q
Deontology
A
Actions judged by the motives and intentions of the actor
1
Q
Identifying Moral and Ethical Situations
A
A. Involves interests/values of others B. Involves my interests/values C. Requires my judgment D. Requires my action/inaction E. Decision affects my lives and the lives of others
2
Q
Teleology
A
action judged by its likelihood of achieving good and proper results
3
Q
Relativism
A
all actions are judged in relation to time, place and circumstances; there are no objective standards of right and wrong
4
Q
Virtue Ethics
A
development of a righteous character is the standard; a virtuous person will act in a morally righteous way
5
Q
Ethical Egoism
A
the argument that, to be a moral person, you should do what’s in your best interests; you may weigh considerations of others in your choices as long as the eventual choice serves your self-interest
6
Q
Ethical Altruism
A
putting the interests of others ahead of your own without regard for any benefit you may receive as a result; conversely, some would say there’s alway a payback, even if it’s only feeling virtuous; but what about giving your life for another? you won’t be around to enjoy the feelings
7
Q
Positive Law
A
a rule from a superior to an inferior that the inferior habitually obeys, with sanctions imposed if the rule is broken
8
Q
Jurisprudence
A
examines the values or ethics associated with positive law
9
Q
Ethic of Justice
A
there should be rules and equity; due process
10
Q
Ethic of Power
A
government must be empowered to enforce the laws and bring order
11
Q
Ethic of Custom
A
long-standing custom reflects what is known and observed by most people over time
12
Q
Ethic of Norms of Conduct
A
how most people act; it can be above or below positive law
13
Q
Ethic of Civilization
A
we restrain our base impulses and move to a higher level of civilization
14
Q
Ethic of Utility
A
promoting the greatest good for the greatest number; utilitarianism
15
Q
Beneficiance
A
doing good deeds; it may conflict with utilitarianism
16
Q
Success
A
a social value; defined within a particular society, involving comparisons with others as “doing well” according to a person’s own goals; it summarizes the whole of the good life
17
Q
Hedonism
A
life in pursuit of pleasure
18
Q
Theory X
A
assumes that people are basically lazy and dislike work, and so must be tempted with rewards and punishments
19
Q
Theory Y
A
assumes people want to work and want to assume responsibilities
20
Q
Theory Z
A
motivation comes from being part of a group in a supportive institution; a theory of participation
21
Q
Communitarianism
A
the need for community values binds us as a multicultural society
22
Q
Puritan Ethic
A
emphasizes hard work, abstaining from excessive pleasures and balancing success with humanity; hard work, wealth and success are proof of a person’s good character
23
Q
Asceticism
A
the wholesale rejection of the values of wealth and success; most powerfully preached by those who have succeeded and renounced the vanity of ambition and success, rather than cynically by those who have failed or chosen not to compete
24
John Calvin (1509-64)
began change in Christian philosophy that secular wealth was not opposed to, but rather a sign of, a person's eventual salvation
25
Adam Smith
published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 said that individuals, left to themselves to pursue their own economic interests will ultimately benefit not only to themselves but society as a whole; an "invisible hand" would guide apparently chaotic individualism to collective good; idea of "the market."
26
"Freedom of the Market" is not possible unless these other freedoms exist...
freedom of speech, assembly, association and the freedom to pursue our own material happiness
27
Regulation
exists to protect the market and to guarantee the conditions within which an industry can thrive and survive, and to protect the public good and to provide safeguards for consumers; there must be rules to protect the integrity of "the game."
28
Corporate Culture
the conceptual foundation on which a company builds and the self-image from which all else begins; includes the clientele of the corporation, the kinds of pressures within the organization, and the openness and mutual concern of both peers and superiors
29
Corporate Codes of Ethics
general sense of values and identity shared by virtually everyone in a corporation; should be an explicit expression of a set of values that has in fact governed a company and its employees for some time, as opposed to an attempt to persuade or threaten employees into compliance with a set of principles which do not play a significant role in the day-to-day behavior of its employees; it should not be just a hypocritical attempt at PR
30
Business Practices
established systems of behavior within the business world, an industry or a given company
31
Obvious Rules
1. don't intentionally lose money 2. there can be corporate philanthropy, but within rules of practice 3. practices establish size of salarie, dividends paid, benefits, etc. 4. contracts must be honored 5. quality control must be observed 6. procedures must be followed ... If these aren't honored, "the game" will fall apart.
32
Stealth Marketing
promoting goods or services without disclosing the relationship between the person doing the promoting and the business offering the goods or services
33
Roles
a practice creates roles for its participants (workers, managers, etc.); defined by the skills, responsibilities, duties and interrelations within the practice; the role usually precedes and survives the person
34
Roles of a Manager
1. figurehead: ceremonious leader in public's mind (Gates & Microsoft) 2. leader: who's making decisions 3. liasion: ensures all parts of company know what others are doing 4. monitor: listens to outside forces 5. disseminator: communicates to organization 6. spokesman: speaks for company to the press 7. entreprenuer: thinks outside the box and looks for new opportunities 8. disturbance handler: everyone calms down by their presence 9. resource allocator: determines where $$ and resources go 10. negotiatior: finalizes every (or key) deals
35
Corporate Characters (Michael Maccoby)
1. The Craftsman 2. The Jungle Fighter 3. The Company Man/Woman 4. The Gamesman 5. The Outlaw
36
The Craftsman
one of Maccoby's corporate characters dedicated to quality, concerned with product and conscientious; does what they do best and does it right; can be the bedrock of ethics for a company
37
The Jungle Fighter
one of Maccoby's corporate characters views life as a struggle for survival; sees others as competition or as obstacles to be surmounted; can be threats to ethics if not controlled because will do/say anything to end up on top
38
The Company Man/Woman
one of Maccoby's corporate characters "organization" person whose identity is tied up with the company rather than the particular job he or she does; concern for well-being of others in the company and for the integrity and reputation of the company; the chief bulwark against ethical straying by a company
39
The Gamesman
one of Maccoby's corporate characters interested in the challenge; new ideas and strategies are likely to come from this person; can be an excellent team player; as they mature they take on aspects of the Company Man/Woman; innately competitive but not cutthroat; often people consider this person an ideal CEO
40
The Outlaw
one of Maccoby's corporate characters management may tolerate some who flaunt or break rules to shake up the culture
41
Responsibility
cornerstone of ethics; it is accountability, answerability, sometimes liability but also rewardability; most of the time responsibility is shared; those in authority may be even more responsible than those who actually performed the act
42
The "System Problem"
the whole become much more than the sum of its parts; the problem of accumulated pressure once a decision has been made and all employees have worked diligently toward the goal; the momentum becomes so great there is little to stop it; decisions, once implemented, cannot be turned quickly; goals, once agreed upon, cannot be immediately forgotten --\> this is when the basic aim of business ethics becomes important
43
Game Theory
theory of policies and planning, and making rational decisions in the fact of the uncertainties and risks of the market; views business first as activity of individual participants rather than as a system or mechanism; it is an activity performed well or badly in search of certain payoffs and taking certain responsibilities -- like a game
44
Zero-Sum Games
there must be a clear winner or loser; someone will take the market or the customer
45
Non-Zero-Sum Games
the amount to be won or lost is not always fixed, and it's not just a matter of beating the opponent; wealth and markets can be created during the competition rather than existing as a condition of the game
46
Law of Supply and Demand
Adam Smith's theory which serves as the self-controlling device of society, preventing the greedy from getting too much and the poor from becoming too poor; assures the adequate supply of consumer goods in society as well as an adequate supply of workers to produce them and capital to sponsor them
47
Rationality
getting what we want in the best possible way; rationality depends upon some agreed-upon framework of values concerning acceptable means to an end; do the ends justify the means?
48
Negotiation Process
1. separate the people from the problem 2. recognize and understand your own position 3. recognize and understand the other person's position 4. find shared interests
49
Conflicts of Interest
the result of difference between an individual's values and those of the company, other people or society where they are basically quantitative and measurable on a single scale, they are resolvable through negotiation and compromise; true conflict arises where emotion comes into play we can resolve all conflicts between different values by establishing priorities - life and death issues take precedence over financial values - ethical values take precedence over aesthetic values - questions of integrity are more important than questions of personal interest
50
Prima Facie
priority which is accepted at face value except for cases in which there is an unusually strong counterclaim (ex: don't need to honor contracts in war); something all of society can agree on
51
Morality
specific set of prima facie principles that we all accept without qualification (ex: Ten Commandments) --\> but is this valid in dealing with different cultures or our evolving cultures
52
Moralities of Principles
simply a set of orders or laws to obey -- the Ten Commandments; Immanuel Kant's idea of the "categorical imperative," an order or commandment without qualification; the authority may be external - from religion - or internal from our conscience
53
Goal-Oriented Morality
emphasis is on how people behave and how it fits into the practices of the community; the utility principle; the greatest good for the greatest number of people and the least pain for as many people as possible; "the best thing for the most people"
54
Responsibility (individuals at work)
set of duties and activities that constitute our jobs, our roles in the organization and our citizenship in society
55
Moral Responsibility
duties and obligations that are based on the rules and expectations of morality; they are shared by everyone in society
56
Legal Responsibility
requires a rule or statute that can be broken with a mechanism of the law to enforce or punish; responsibilities sometimes exist independently of the law
57
Corporate Responsibility
the people within the corporation have responsibilities; but corporations can be fined or punished; diffused blame sometimes comes together in the office of the person who is in charge of the corporation, though he or she may not be aware of the malfeasance, yet he or she has regulative responsibility corporation by its nature is a liability shield of stockholders, executives and managers; individuals usually pay by loss of job, demotion or career derailment
58
Contractual Obligations
the main obligation of a corporation is to make a profit for its shareholders; often conflicts with obligations to society, though social responsibility is growing
59
Consumer Responsibility
they vote with their dollars about the products that should be available and the social costs incurred
60
Stockholder Responsibility
responsible for evaluating their investments not only in terms of financial security and expected return but also in terms of the quality of product, how it treats its employees and the surrounding community and the environment; and ethical and political decision; the stockholder is still ultimately in charge
61
Corporate Social Responsibility
while it is the responsibility of a corporation to sell decent products at affordable prices, it is also the responsibility not to destroy the society it serves
62
Impact Social Responsibility
actual causal influence of an industry or a business on its surrounding community, the environment, the political situation or its own customers
63
Stakeholder Theory
defines a company's duties and obligations to various groups by measuring direct and indirect impacts on employees, vendors, the community and the world; moved away from theory of contractual obligations
64
Noblesse Oblige
responsibility of those who have more to contribute more for the good of society
65
Paternalism
when a business steps in to donate and by encouraging a certain public policy or taste in the arts of charity thus takes away citizen's own sense of responsibility and autonomy (ex: force employees to support a cause or via sponsorships of local events "guilting" people into supporting the company)
66
The "Silent Stakeholder"
the environment; we have responsibilities to future generations as well as to the earth itself
67
Ecocentrism
idea that the environment as a whole has a moral standing and we have an obligation to protect it, even if people neither benefit nor suffer from actions; the environment has inherent worth
68
Greenwashing
act of misleading consumers regarding environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service; exaggerating 'green' claims
69
Social Justice
idea of a fair and harmonious society; in an affluent society, everyone has the right to expect a decent life
70
Distributive Justice
fair distribution of the goods of society -- everything that money can buy and some things it can't buy; includes fair distribution of the hardships and responsibilities of society Is this the responsibility of business or government?
71
Entitlement Theory
ethics of capitalism; people have a right to what they legally earn, win or inherit; equality of the rules and procedures of the market make us equal, but there is no guarantee of equality of results
72
Cultural Differentiation
when two or more cultures interact and experience conflict because of their differences
73
Kinds of Cultural Differences
1. language 2. body language 3. urgency and punctuality 4. etiquette 5. ethnocentrism: our way of doing things is best/right
74
Cultural Relativism
belief that there is no single standard of ethical behavior that applies to all people and cultures all of the time; contrasts with ethnocentrism
75
Ethical Levels (Towle and Hilgert)
1. Illegal or Illicit Ethic 2. Legal Ethic 3. Pecuniary Ethic 4. Power Ethic 5. Situational Ethic 6. Professional Ethic 7. Judeo-Christian Ethic (Religious)
76
Illegal or Illicit Ethic
Self-interest will allow us to do whatever it takes, even if it is illegal, to accomplish our goals
77
Legal Ethic
do whatever is not against the law and utilize every loophole to accomplish your goals
78
Pecuniary Ethic
primary goal is achievement and emphasis on the outcome; showing little concern for the rights of others
79
Power Ethic
assume an adversarial stance in an effort to dominate the other side, regardless of the consequences to either side
80
Situational Ethic
right and wrong is in the eye of the beholder; facts and circumstances are used to rationalize behavior without outright rejections of concepts of right and wrong; "I want to do the right thing, but who are you to tell me what's right and wrong?"
81
Professional Ethic
written codes, standards and principles adopted and practices by individuals, professions and groups; recognizes human interdependency and responsiblities
82
Judeo-Christian Ethic
recognizing all the world's religions have similar basic moral teachings, this is concerned with one's ultimate relationship to God and to fellow human beings; concept of moral right and wrong
83
Tests for Ethical Decision Making
1. legal compliance test: is what I'm about to do violating any laws? 2. public knowledge test: would I be willing to have this decision exposed to the public? 3. long-term consequences test: how will this decision look at some point in the future? 4. examine your motives test: are motives personal and selfish or are you acting in the good of others, the organization or society? 5. inner voice or conscience test: is something inside you saying what you're about to do is wrong? then it probably is.
84
"Freedom is key to our Free Enterprise System"
idea that the business world should be relatively free from unnecessary government interference, but also our belief that the free market will somehow contribute freedom in all other aspects of our life; but socialists might define freedom as being free from the threats and insecurities of the free-enterprise life
85
Power
if seen not as superiority over other people but as the ability to get things done, then it is an essential part of freedome; power is a means to freedom, not an end in itself; power over people is authoritarianism
86
Five Bases of Managerial Power
1. reward power: controlling resources that can reward (bonuses) 2. coercive power: controlling resources that can punish (withholding) 3. expert power: controlling necessary knowledge or info (seniority) 4. reference power: being personally attractive to other people 5. legitimate power: authority invest in a position or role
87
Privacy-Freedom from Other People
idea that every job has its limits -- private and personal -- beyond which neither employer nor customer can go; personal life, private habits or political opinions is not relevant to the job -- conduct and behavior on the job is HOWEVER, by statute we have determined to allow drug testing
88
Autonomy
ability to think and act for ourselves rather than simply following orders or rules from others; exists within the framework of the job assignment; we have autonomy insofar only as we have something to do and a position of responsibility
89
Impotence
sense of not being able to do what we want and expect to be able to do so; when exists within a business it leads to a sense of separation between the employee and the company; can lead to employees just "putting in time," assertions of power or eccentric behavior to draw attention to one's self
90
Manager's Key Responsibility
provide a sense of power, accomplishment and effectiveness to everyone else so they remain engaged
91
Coercion
lack of choice in undertaking responsibilities or accepting an unfair bargain
92
Moral Mazes
from socialist Robert Jackall; loss of personal integrity due to the pressures of the organization under the wrong kinds of pressures, the wrong kinds of demands for loyalty and unquestioning obedience, our personal virtues and ideals may turn into obstacles to success; personal judgment becomes cloudy and integrity is sacrificed to corporate necessity
93
Embeddedness
people become embedded in their jobs and positions and they have trouble seeing beyond the immediate pressures they face; business ethics calls on us to see beyond our position, but in the midst of a company crisis, this can be difficult
94
When is Whistle-Blowing Justified? (Nader's Guidelines)
1. Is my knowledge of the matter complete and accurate? 2. What are the objectionable practices and what public interests do they harm? 3. How far would I and can I go inside the corporation with my concern or objection? 4. Will I be violating any rules by contacting outside parties and, if so, is whistle-blowing nevertheless justified? 5. Will I be violating any laws or ethical duties by not contacting external parties? 6. Once I have decided to act, what is the best way to blow the whistle -- anonymously, overtly, by resignation prior to speaking out, or in some other way? 7. What will be likely responses from various sources -- inside and outside the organization -- to the whistle-blowing action? 8. What is expected to be achieved by whistle-blowing?
95
Workaholism
excess concern about the quantity of work done
96
Perfectionism
excess concern about the quality of work done
97
Burn-Out
total job exhaustion and despair; largely a matter of wanting or expecting too much of oneself; solution lies in a change of perspective and reevaluation of goals and expectations
98
A. Involves interests/values of others B. Involves my interests/values C. Requires my judgment D. Requires my action/inaction E. Decision affects my lives and the lives of others
Identifying Moral and Ethical Situations
99
Actions judged by the motives and intentions of the actor
Deontology
100
action judged by its likelihood of achieving good and proper results
Teleology
101
all actions are judged in relation to time, place and circumstances; there are no objective standards of right and wrong
Relativism
102
development of a righteous character is the standard; a virtuous person will act in a morally righteous way
Virtue Ethics
103
the argument that, to be a moral person, you should do what's in your best interests; you may weigh considerations of others in your choices as long as the eventual choice serves your self-interest
Ethical Egoism
104
putting the interests of others ahead of your own without regard for any benefit you may receive as a result; conversely, some would say there's alway a payback, even if it's only feeling virtuous; but what about giving your life for another? you won't be around to enjoy the feelings
Ethical Altruism
105
a rule from a superior to an inferior that the inferior habitually obeys, with sanctions imposed if the rule is broken
Positive Law
106
examines the values or ethics associated with positive law
Jurisprudence
107
there should be rules and equity; due process
Ethic of Justice
108
government must be empowered to enforce the laws and bring order
Ethic of Power
109
long-standing custom reflects what is known and observed by most people over time
Ethic of Custom
110
how most people act; it can be above or below positive law
Ethic of Norms of Conduct
111
we restrain our base impulses and move to a higher level of civilization
Ethic of Civilization
112
promoting the greatest good for the greatest number; utilitarianism
Ethic of Utility
113
doing good deeds; it may conflict with utilitarianism
Beneficiance
114
a social value; defined within a particular society, involving comparisons with others as "doing well" according to a person's own goals; it summarizes the whole of the good life
Success
115
life in pursuit of pleasure
Hedonism
116
assumes that people are basically lazy and dislike work, and so must be tempted with rewards and punishments
Theory X
117
assumes people want to work and want to assume responsibilities
Theory Y
118
motivation comes from being part of a group in a supportive institution; a theory of participation
Theory Z
119
the need for community values binds us as a multicultural society
Communitarianism
120
emphasizes hard work, abstaining from excessive pleasures and balancing success with humanity; hard work, wealth and success are proof of a person's good character
Puritan Ethic
121
the wholesale rejection of the values of wealth and success; most powerfully preached by those who have succeeded and renounced the vanity of ambition and success, rather than cynically by those who have failed or chosen not to compete
Asceticism
122
began change in Christian philosophy that secular wealth was not opposed to, but rather a sign of, a person's eventual salvation
John Calvin (1509-64)
123
published The Wealth of Nations in 1776 said that individuals, left to themselves to pursue their own economic interests will ultimately benefit not only to themselves but society as a whole; an "invisible hand" would guide apparently chaotic individualism to collective good; idea of "the market."
Adam Smith
124
freedom of speech, assembly, association and the freedom to pursue our own material happiness
"Freedom of the Market" is not possible unless these other freedoms exist...
125
exists to protect the market and to guarantee the conditions within which an industry can thrive and survive, and to protect the public good and to provide safeguards for consumers; there must be rules to protect the integrity of "the game."
Regulation
126
the conceptual foundation on which a company builds and the self-image from which all else begins; includes the clientele of the corporation, the kinds of pressures within the organization, and the openness and mutual concern of both peers and superiors
Corporate Culture
127
general sense of values and identity shared by virtually everyone in a corporation; should be an explicit expression of a set of values that has in fact governed a company and its employees for some time, as opposed to an attempt to persuade or threaten employees into compliance with a set of principles which do not play a significant role in the day-to-day behavior of its employees; it should not be just a hypocritical attempt at PR
Corporate Codes of Ethics
128
established systems of behavior within the business world, an industry or a given company
Business Practices
129
1. don't intentionally lose money 2. there can be corporate philanthropy, but within rules of practice 3. practices establish size of salarie, dividends paid, benefits, etc. 4. contracts must be honored 5. quality control must be observed 6. procedures must be followed ... If these aren't honored, "the game" will fall apart.
Obvious Rules
130
promoting goods or services without disclosing the relationship between the person doing the promoting and the business offering the goods or services
Stealth Marketing
131
a practice creates roles for its participants (workers, managers, etc.); defined by the skills, responsibilities, duties and interrelations within the practice; the role usually precedes and survives the person
Roles
132
1. figurehead: ceremonious leader in public's mind (Gates & Microsoft) 2. leader: who's making decisions 3. liasion: ensures all parts of company know what others are doing 4. monitor: listens to outside forces 5. disseminator: communicates to organization 6. spokesman: speaks for company to the press 7. entreprenuer: thinks outside the box and looks for new opportunities 8. disturbance handler: everyone calms down by their presence 9. resource allocator: determines where $$ and resources go 10. negotiatior: finalizes every (or key) deals
Roles of a Manager
133
1. The Craftsman 2. The Jungle Fighter 3. The Company Man/Woman 4. The Gamesman 5. The Outlaw
Corporate Characters (Michael Maccoby)
134
one of Maccoby's corporate characters dedicated to quality, concerned with product and conscientious; does what they do best and does it right; can be the bedrock of ethics for a company
The Craftsman
135
one of Maccoby's corporate characters views life as a struggle for survival; sees others as competition or as obstacles to be surmounted; can be threats to ethics if not controlled because will do/say anything to end up on top
The Jungle Fighter
136
one of Maccoby's corporate characters "organization" person whose identity is tied up with the company rather than the particular job he or she does; concern for well-being of others in the company and for the integrity and reputation of the company; the chief bulwark against ethical straying by a company
The Company Man/Woman
137
one of Maccoby's corporate characters interested in the challenge; new ideas and strategies are likely to come from this person; can be an excellent team player; as they mature they take on aspects of the Company Man/Woman; innately competitive but not cutthroat; often people consider this person an ideal CEO
The Gamesman
138
one of Maccoby's corporate characters management may tolerate some who flaunt or break rules to shake up the culture
The Outlaw
139
cornerstone of ethics; it is accountability, answerability, sometimes liability but also rewardability; most of the time responsibility is shared; those in authority may be even more responsible than those who actually performed the act
Responsibility
140
the whole become much more than the sum of its parts; the problem of accumulated pressure once a decision has been made and all employees have worked diligently toward the goal; the momentum becomes so great there is little to stop it; decisions, once implemented, cannot be turned quickly; goals, once agreed upon, cannot be immediately forgotten --\> this is when the basic aim of business ethics becomes important
The "System Problem"
141
theory of policies and planning, and making rational decisions in the fact of the uncertainties and risks of the market; views business first as activity of individual participants rather than as a system or mechanism; it is an activity performed well or badly in search of certain payoffs and taking certain responsibilities -- like a game
Game Theory
142
there must be a clear winner or loser; someone will take the market or the customer
Zero-Sum Games
143
the amount to be won or lost is not always fixed, and it's not just a matter of beating the opponent; wealth and markets can be created during the competition rather than existing as a condition of the game
Non-Zero-Sum Games
144
Adam Smith's theory which serves as the self-controlling device of society, preventing the greedy from getting too much and the poor from becoming too poor; assures the adequate supply of consumer goods in society as well as an adequate supply of workers to produce them and capital to sponsor them
Law of Supply and Demand
145
getting what we want in the best possible way; rationality depends upon some agreed-upon framework of values concerning acceptable means to an end; do the ends justify the means?
Rationality
146
1. separate the people from the problem 2. recognize and understand your own position 3. recognize and understand the other person's position 4. find shared interests
Negotiation Process
147
the result of difference between an individual's values and those of the company, other people or society where they are basically quantitative and measurable on a single scale, they are resolvable through negotiation and compromise; true conflict arises where emotion comes into play we can resolve all conflicts between different values by establishing priorities - life and death issues take precedence over financial values - ethical values take precedence over aesthetic values - questions of integrity are more important than questions of personal interest
Conflicts of Interest
148
priority which is accepted at face value except for cases in which there is an unusually strong counterclaim (ex: don't need to honor contracts in war); something all of society can agree on
Prima Facie
149
specific set of prima facie principles that we all accept without qualification (ex: Ten Commandments) --\> but is this valid in dealing with different cultures or our evolving cultures
Morality
150
simply a set of orders or laws to obey -- the Ten Commandments; Immanuel Kant's idea of the "categorical imperative," an order or commandment without qualification; the authority may be external - from religion - or internal from our conscience
Moralities of Principles
151
emphasis is on how people behave and how it fits into the practices of the community; the utility principle; the greatest good for the greatest number of people and the least pain for as many people as possible; "the best thing for the most people"
Goal-Oriented Morality
152
set of duties and activities that constitute our jobs, our roles in the organization and our citizenship in society
Responsibility (individuals at work)
153
duties and obligations that are based on the rules and expectations of morality; they are shared by everyone in society
Moral Responsibility
154
requires a rule or statute that can be broken with a mechanism of the law to enforce or punish; responsibilities sometimes exist independently of the law
Legal Responsibility
155
the people within the corporation have responsibilities; but corporations can be fined or punished; diffused blame sometimes comes together in the office of the person who is in charge of the corporation, though he or she may not be aware of the malfeasance, yet he or she has regulative responsibility corporation by its nature is a liability shield of stockholders, executives and managers; individuals usually pay by loss of job, demotion or career derailment
Corporate Responsibility
156
the main obligation of a corporation is to make a profit for its shareholders; often conflicts with obligations to society, though social responsibility is growing
Contractual Obligations
157
they vote with their dollars about the products that should be available and the social costs incurred
Consumer Responsibility
158
responsible for evaluating their investments not only in terms of financial security and expected return but also in terms of the quality of product, how it treats its employees and the surrounding community and the environment; and ethical and political decision; the stockholder is still ultimately in charge
Stockholder Responsibility
159
while it is the responsibility of a corporation to sell decent products at affordable prices, it is also the responsibility not to destroy the society it serves
Corporate Social Responsibility
160
actual causal influence of an industry or a business on its surrounding community, the environment, the political situation or its own customers
Impact Social Responsibility
161
defines a company's duties and obligations to various groups by measuring direct and indirect impacts on employees, vendors, the community and the world; moved away from theory of contractual obligations
Stakeholder Theory
162
responsibility of those who have more to contribute more for the good of society
Noblesse Oblige
163
when a business steps in to donate and by encouraging a certain public policy or taste in the arts of charity thus takes away citizen's own sense of responsibility and autonomy (ex: force employees to support a cause or via sponsorships of local events "guilting" people into supporting the company)
Paternalism
164
the environment; we have responsibilities to future generations as well as to the earth itself
The "Silent Stakeholder"
165
idea that the environment as a whole has a moral standing and we have an obligation to protect it, even if people neither benefit nor suffer from actions; the environment has inherent worth
Ecocentrism
166
act of misleading consumers regarding environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a product or service; exaggerating 'green' claims
Greenwashing
167
idea of a fair and harmonious society; in an affluent society, everyone has the right to expect a decent life
Social Justice
168
fair distribution of the goods of society -- everything that money can buy and some things it can't buy; includes fair distribution of the hardships and responsibilities of society Is this the responsibility of business or government?
Distributive Justice
169
ethics of capitalism; people have a right to what they legally earn, win or inherit; equality of the rules and procedures of the market make us equal, but there is no guarantee of equality of results
Entitlement Theory
170
when two or more cultures interact and experience conflict because of their differences
Cultural Differentiation
171
1. language 2. body language 3. urgency and punctuality 4. etiquette 5. ethnocentrism: our way of doing things is best/right
Kinds of Cultural Differences
172
belief that there is no single standard of ethical behavior that applies to all people and cultures all of the time; contrasts with ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
173
1. Illegal or Illicit Ethic 2. Legal Ethic 3. Pecuniary Ethic 4. Power Ethic 5. Situational Ethic 6. Professional Ethic 7. Judeo-Christian Ethic (Religious)
Ethical Levels (Towle and Hilgert)
174
Self-interest will allow us to do whatever it takes, even if it is illegal, to accomplish our goals
Illegal or Illicit Ethic
175
do whatever is not against the law and utilize every loophole to accomplish your goals
Legal Ethic
176
primary goal is achievement and emphasis on the outcome; showing little concern for the rights of others
Pecuniary Ethic
177
assume an adversarial stance in an effort to dominate the other side, regardless of the consequences to either side
Power Ethic
178
right and wrong is in the eye of the beholder; facts and circumstances are used to rationalize behavior without outright rejections of concepts of right and wrong; "I want to do the right thing, but who are you to tell me what's right and wrong?"
Situational Ethic
179
written codes, standards and principles adopted and practices by individuals, professions and groups; recognizes human interdependency and responsiblities
Professional Ethic
180
recognizing all the world's religions have similar basic moral teachings, this is concerned with one's ultimate relationship to God and to fellow human beings; concept of moral right and wrong
Judeo-Christian Ethic
181
1. legal compliance test: is what I'm about to do violating any laws? 2. public knowledge test: would I be willing to have this decision exposed to the public? 3. long-term consequences test: how will this decision look at some point in the future? 4. examine your motives test: are motives personal and selfish or are you acting in the good of others, the organization or society? 5. inner voice or conscience test: is something inside you saying what you're about to do is wrong? then it probably is.
Tests for Ethical Decision Making
182
idea that the business world should be relatively free from unnecessary government interference, but also our belief that the free market will somehow contribute freedom in all other aspects of our life; but socialists might define freedom as being free from the threats and insecurities of the free-enterprise life
"Freedom is key to our Free Enterprise System"
183
if seen not as superiority over other people but as the ability to get things done, then it is an essential part of freedome; power is a means to freedom, not an end in itself; power over people is authoritarianism
Power
184
1. reward power: controlling resources that can reward (bonuses) 2. coercive power: controlling resources that can punish (withholding) 3. expert power: controlling necessary knowledge or info (seniority) 4. reference power: being personally attractive to other people 5. legitimate power: authority invest in a position or role
Five Bases of Managerial Power
185
idea that every job has its limits -- private and personal -- beyond which neither employer nor customer can go; personal life, private habits or political opinions is not relevant to the job -- conduct and behavior on the job is HOWEVER, by statute we have determined to allow drug testing
Privacy-Freedom from Other People
186
ability to think and act for ourselves rather than simply following orders or rules from others; exists within the framework of the job assignment; we have autonomy insofar only as we have something to do and a position of responsibility
Autonomy
187
sense of not being able to do what we want and expect to be able to do so; when exists within a business it leads to a sense of separation between the employee and the company; can lead to employees just "putting in time," assertions of power or eccentric behavior to draw attention to one's self
Impotence
188
provide a sense of power, accomplishment and effectiveness to everyone else so they remain engaged
Manager's Key Responsibility
189
lack of choice in undertaking responsibilities or accepting an unfair bargain
Coercion
190
from socialist Robert Jackall; loss of personal integrity due to the pressures of the organization under the wrong kinds of pressures, the wrong kinds of demands for loyalty and unquestioning obedience, our personal virtues and ideals may turn into obstacles to success; personal judgment becomes cloudy and integrity is sacrificed to corporate necessity
Moral Mazes
191
people become embedded in their jobs and positions and they have trouble seeing beyond the immediate pressures they face; business ethics calls on us to see beyond our position, but in the midst of a company crisis, this can be difficult
Embeddedness
192
1. Is my knowledge of the matter complete and accurate? 2. What are the objectionable practices and what public interests do they harm? 3. How far would I and can I go inside the corporation with my concern or objection? 4. Will I be violating any rules by contacting outside parties and, if so, is whistle-blowing nevertheless justified? 5. Will I be violating any laws or ethical duties by not contacting external parties? 6. Once I have decided to act, what is the best way to blow the whistle -- anonymously, overtly, by resignation prior to speaking out, or in some other way? 7. What will be likely responses from various sources -- inside and outside the organization -- to the whistle-blowing action? 8. What is expected to be achieved by whistle-blowing?
When is Whistle-Blowing Justified? (Nader's Guidelines)
193
excess concern about the quantity of work done
Workaholism
194
excess concern about the quality of work done
Perfectionism
195
total job exhaustion and despair; largely a matter of wanting or expecting too much of oneself; solution lies in a change of perspective and reevaluation of goals and expectations
Burn-Out
