Terms

Question 0

Utilitarianism

Answer 0

Between the extremes of anarchism and idealism, there is the utilitarian view, which construes the state is a pragmatic device through which the people can act to service their mundane needs for “collective goods”. This phrase covers a large domain of commodities and services that cannot be provided by private market transactions, from foreign-policy to roads and bridges

Question 1

Constitutional

Answer 1

States contain institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry including those who may be in the minority

Question 2

Hayek and natural law

Answer 2

Only a revival of the rule of natural law can counter the growth of power

Question 3

Countervailance

Answer 3

Depicts a network of independent entities that contract with each other, with no supreme authority; or the dynamics of checks and balances

Question 4

The Leviathan

Answer 4

1651

Question 5

Second treatise on government

Answer 5

1689

Question 6

Draco’s law

Answer 6

Under Drago, laws were written out for the first time, And that by his ordinances of 621 a council of 400 called the Areopagus was established

Question 7

Solons reforms

Answer 7

Deprived the Areopagus of much of its judicial power by creating a system of law courts with Jerry is composed of men from all classes. These juries, among other things, could adjudicate charges of unjust treatment by officials

Question 8

Seven Hellenistic features of modern constitutional democracy

Answer 8

1) a secular and utilitarian view of government.
2) the concept of an entrenched constitutional order,
3) the participation of a wide spectrum of the citizenry in the process of lawmaking.
4) a polity in which public opinion plays a continuous role.
5) the rule of law.
6) a system of justice in which individual citizens can plead cases before independent courts.
7) an institutional structure that constrains the ability of state officials to exercise their power arbitrarily

Question 9

Dikai

Answer 9

Cases in which charges could be brought only by an injured party

Question 10

Graphai

Answer 10

Cases in which charges were made against state officials

Question 11

Theory of mixed government

Answer 11

Monarchy, government by the one – unity. Aristocracy, by the few - wisdom
democracy, by the many - freedom

Question 12

Roman 12 tables

Answer 12

A constitutional document establishing the Roman Republic after the end of the Etruscan monarchy – as close as the Romans came to writing the constitution. It asserted that the welfare of the people must be the supreme law

Question 13

Magistrate

Answer 13

Two consuls, eight praetors, aediles, quaestor, 10 Tribunes, 2 censors

Question 14

Praetors

Answer 14

Judicial officers

Question 15

Quaestor

Answer 15

Financial administrators who were responsible for keeping official records and the archive of state documents, as well as investigating some crimes

Question 16

The social ladder of Roman politics

Answer 16

Cursus honorium

Question 17

Rome’s unwritten constitution. The established order of things – observance of customs and ancestors. How things had always been done

Answer 17

Moi maiorum

Question 18

Tribunes

Answer 18

Had the authority to veto a magisterial order of punishment

Question 19

Polybius

Answer 19

argued that the Roman constitution had three advantages: provided political stability, protected individual liberties of the citizen, and facilitated foreign conquest

Question 20

Palpinian’s dictum

Answer 20

Lex est communis sponsio rei publicae. “Law is the common engagement of the Republic”

Question 21

John of Salisbury

Answer 21

English humanist, father of political science, friend of Thomas Becket. Policraticus and On Tyranny and Tyrannicide.

Question 22

Council of Constance

Answer 22

1414-1418

Question 23

League of Cambrai

Answer 23

A formidable alliance of France, Spain, the Holy See, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, and some Italian cities defeated Venice

Question 24

Battle of Lepanto

Answer 24

Venetian, Spanish, and Papel vessels defeat the Turks at Lepanto, breaking the momentum of the Turkish maritime advance

Question 25

Dieci

Answer 25

Endowed with special powers to act secretly and quickly without the restraints that would impose on the other offices of the state, dealt with charges such as sodomy, blasphemy, and counterfeiting

Question 26

Cittandini

Answer 26

The non-noble class of long resident citizens that were recruited for the bureaucracy of the various organs of the state

Question 27

Serrata

Answer 27

During the preceding two centuries, economic expansion generated rapid social mobility. The aristocracy was based on wealth rather than feudal rights, and in 1297 a closed, hereditary aristocracy was established. The immediate effect enlarged considerably the number of families recognized as noble who could participate in the GC

Question 28

Countervailance in the Venetian Republic

Answer 28

The great council checked the power of the doge by electing a six man to ducal council, two of which had to be present when the doge received visitors and dealt with memoranda or correspondence
The Doge presided over meetings of the great Council and the Senate. The ducal counselors and the three heads of the Quarantia Criminale, the most senior court, shared the podium with the Doge.

Question 29

Secularism in Venice

Answer 29

Venice’s view of the church was that it was subordinate to the state. In 1498 clerics were debarred; they couldn’t hold office or participate in the bureaucracy. Innocent III placed Venice under general Interdict.

Question 30

Countervailance Theory of Venice

Answer 30

Although all political power resided in the noble class, within that class it was institutionally dispersed, forming a complex of mutually controlling centers

Question 31

States General

Answer 31

A provincial assembly made up of representatives from seven provincial delegations. Each province had one vote. All proposals had to have unanimous approval for passage into law

Question 32

The Dutch republic

Answer 32

1581 (act of abjuration) - 1793 (Napoleon)

Question 33

Dutch federal political system

Answer 33

The town governments of the Republic – the base of its federal political system – were oligarchies. The Republic was not a democracy. A three-tiered federal system composed of 65 governmental entities: a states general, seven provincial states and 57 town governments.

Question 34

Treaty of Utrect

Answer 34

(1579) The northern seven provinces of the Netherlands become a political union. It provided that each person shall remain free of his religion and no one shall be investigated or persecuted because of his religion. The mandate was at variance with article 36 of the Dutch reformed churches confession of faith, which declared that the state is a divinely ordained institution that is obligated to promote the true religion – and also to suppressor heresy.

Question 35

Religious freedom in the Netherlands

Answer 35

In 1618 the town magistrates that the regents monopolized chose not to implement the counter remonstrance’s severe restraints on personal behavior and strict doctrinal tests for church membership

Question 36

Act of Abjuration

Answer 36

(1581) declared by the states general, rescinded the sovereignty of Philip II of Spain and focused upon the condition conditions under which it was legitimate for people to rebel against their established government. It was a formal declaration of independence of the Low Countries

Question 37

What was a major deficiency of the Dutch political system

Answer 37

The Republic never found a way of checking the power of the town governors by more orderly procedures

Question 38

Baruch Spinoza

Answer 38

Political philosopher who was expelled by the Jewish congregation of Amsterdam on its own initiative, his Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670) advocated that there is no free will

Question 39

Act of Supremecy

Answer 39

(1534) The monarch was declared to be the supreme head of the Church of England, thus officially uniting Church and State

Question 40

Bill of Rights

Answer 40

(1689) an act of the Parliament of England which was a restatement in statutory form of the declaration of right presented by the convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of parliament and rules of freedom of speech in Parliament, requirement for regular elections in Parliament, and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for the defense within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England

Question 41

Unwritten constitution of England

Answer 41

Magna Carta (1215), 1679 habeas corpus amendment act, the repeal of the press licensure act of 1662, the tolerance act of 1689, and the triennial act of 1694

Question 42

Weakness of the House of Lords

Answer 42

The rule of the Lords during the Tudor era was largely passive; it acquiesced in actions by the Commons that challenged the Kings power, but it initiated none of it’s own.

Question 43

St Thomas Aquinas

Answer 43

Combines Aristotle’s teachings with Jesus’s

Question 44

Investiture struggle

Answer 44

Secular vs religious leaders

Question 45

Why doesn’t Gordon regard “the Law” as constituting a locus of sovereignty?

Answer 45

The reader of the preceding chapter on Sovereignty will already be aware of my hostility to the notion that “the law” can be regarded as constituting a locus of sovereignty. This idea is a reification; it attributes material existence to an abstract idea and, in effect, diverts attention from the issue that is most fundamental in the study of a political system- the mechanism by which the coercive power of the state is exercised.

Question 46

St Thomas Aquinas

Answer 46

Combines Aristotle’s teachings with Jesus’s

Question 47

Investiture struggle

Answer 47

Secular vs religious leaders