Terms 2 Flashcards
What characteristics were particular to Beethoven’s late style?
- Increased lyricism
- Interest in fugue and counterpoint
- Interest in variation
- Highly original approach to form on broad level
What changes to the symphony was Beethoven notable for?
- Increased weight on the finale of the instrumental cycles as the summation of the whole work (eg. the finale of the 9th symphony)
- Synthesis of genres (eg. Hymn, Lied, march, fugue, concerts, etc. in the finale of the 9th)
What does through composed mean?
A piece is composed with different music between verses (no repetition inn the music)
What does strophic mean?
A piece is composed with repeated music within the verses
What does modified strophic mean?
A piece is composed with repeated music between the verses with some changes from verse to verse
What is a ballad?
A piece that narrates a story in short stanzas or verses
What is a song cycle?
A collection of lieds
Who was part of the 2nd Berlin school and what composition style did they favour?
Reichardt, Zelter and Goethe, favouring strophic and modified strophic settings
What were favourable conditions for the lied?
- Flowering of German lyrical poetry (movement towards a short reflective lyric based on nature and folk poetry)
- Improvements in the sound and capabilities of the piano
What characteristics were particular to Schubert’s lieds?
Vivid settings, partnership of piano and voice
What characteristics were particular to Schumann’s lieds?
Strong literacy background, harmonically adventurous, emphasis on the partnership between piano and voice, and piano preludes and postludes
What characteristics were particular to Brahms’ lieds?
Strong connection to Schumann, interest in folksong
What characteristics were particular to Wolf’s lieds?
Influence of the music of Wagner and his harmonic developments, tonality by implication, use of parallel augmented chords
What characteristics were particular to Mahler’s lieds?
Orchestral lied, influenced by folk song
What developments were made to the piano in the 19th century?
- Larger range (5 octaves to 7 octaves)
- Metal braces to wooden frame to full metal frame (increased tension)
- Stronger metal strings for strong tone
- Over-stringing of bass strings
- Triple strings in upper register vs. double stringing in the bass
- Double escapement for rapid repetition of notes
