Terms #2

Question 1

Charlemagne

Answer 1

• The ruler of the Franks

- Charlemagne was instrument in the campaign against other kinds of chants

Question 2

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 2

• A loose confederation of states that, as the 18th-cenuty French philosopher Voltaire famously quipped, was “neither holy no Roman nor Empire.”
• It was essentially German entity that extended into what is now northern Italy

Question 3

Feudalism

Answer 3

• Medieval society was shaped by the system of feudalism
• economic foundation was the self-sufficient estate, or manor
• The peasants who worked the lands of the manor swore allegiance and service to the lord of the manor, who might in turn be the vessel of a more powerful noble
• economic and legal authority resided in a nearby castle rather than at some distant court

Question 4

Courtly love

Answer 4

• Courtly life revolved around a highly stylized code of conduct
• in public, love could be expressed passionately but only from a distance: the ideal knight paid homage to a lady of the nobble birth by dedicating himself to her service and offering lavish poetry and song in her praise–but never directly
• the idea of courtly love in its purest form always involved self-contained torment–the object of desire was either a maiden or married woman, but in either case unattainable by the strictures of social convention
• love took on a kind of “abstract” almost religious quality

Question 5

Crusades

Answer 5

• Increasing prosperity and confidence combined with an upsurge in religious zeal in the late 11th-centurty to inspire a series of military ventures to reclaim the Holy Land of Muslim rule
• The First Crusade, launched by Pope Urban II in 1095, succeeded in capturing Jerusalem, if only for a short time
• Over the next 300 years various Christian rulers would try repeatedly to duplicate this feat, but without success
• Although a failure from a military point of view, the Crusades had the unintended benefit in bringing the West into closer contact with Islamic culture, which for centuries had been cultivating such disciplines as philosophy, astronomy, math, and medicine

Question 6

Hundred Years War

Answer 6

-A debilitating conflict between France and England known as the Hundred Years’ War broke out in 1337

Question 7

The Bubonic plague (“The black death”)

Answer 7

-In the middle of the century the bubonic plague swept across Europe, killing as much as a third of the population

Question 8

Papal Schism

Answer 8

-was a split within the Catholic Church from 1378-1418

Question 9

Gothic Architecture

Answer 9

• Perhaps the most remarkable of all technological and artistic achievements of the medieval era
• with its emphasis on height, this style of the building supplanted the earlier Romanesque style
• Squat, compact structures gave way to buildings of unprecedented size, grace, and light

Question 10

Scholasticism

Answer 10

• The dominant mode of thought in the new universities
• its proponents maintained that truth could be reached by a combination of reason and faith
• the scholastic curriculum was based on the study of established authorities like Aristotle and St. Augustine

Question 11

Boethius

Answer 11

-Philosopher of the early 6th century