terms Flashcards

Question

modulation

Answer 1

A change of key within a piece of music Many classical works modulate to the key of the dominant and then return to the original key (the tonic).

Answer 2

A-B-A minuet / minuet & trio form (A-B-A) scherzo / scherzo & trio form (A-B-A)

Answer 3

First music you hear is the "theme," which is followed by variations on that theme E.g. Mozart's twelve variations on twinkle twinkle

Answer 4

musical structure commonly used in the first movements of symphonies, sonatas, and other large-scale works, particularly in the Classical period Three main sections 1. Exposition - primary theme in tonic key, secondary theme NOT in tonic key 2. Development - no stable key 3. Recapitulation - restates exposition and BOTH first and second themes now remain in tonic key - coda

Answer 5

a short musical motive (a fragment of melody) that is repeated over and over often featured in sections of music that are modulatory

Answer 6

the section of music near the end of a concerto movement, usually in first movement but sometimes third (last) instrumental soloist plays completely alone

Answer 7

form of musical articulation notes are short and detached

Answer 8

smooth, continuous flow between notes without gaps or breaks

Answer 9

cantabile means "singable" or "songlike" Imitates the human voice, usually very homophonic

Answer 10

a short, memorable musical idea or fragment that serves as a building block for larger musical ideas, themes, and melodies, often recurring and undergoing transformation throughout a piece motivic development - motive is expanded and elaborated throughout a piece to create new melodies

Answer 11

theme (leitmotif) - primary melodic idea or musical phrase thematic development - the process of taking a musical theme and transforming it throughout a piece, creating variations

Answer 12

the "work number" that is assigned to a musical composition, or to a set of compositions, to indicate the chronological order of the composer's publication of that work

Answer 13

a musician who possesses outstanding talent and technical ability

Answer 14

1800-1900+

Answer 15

musical elements are characteristic of a specific country, region, or ethnicity, often used to evoke feelings of national pride and identity example - Dvorak's slavonic dances (Czech folk traditions) and Dvorak's from the new world (american traditions)

Answer 16

a form of representation in which peoples, places, and cultural practices are depicted as foreign not meant to be accurate example - Puccini's madama butterfly

Answer 17

instrumental music associated with a story, poem, concept, scene, or any extra-musical phenomenon, usually with a descriptive title revealing the source of inspiration often nationalist and/or exotic NOT a genre. it is a broad category encompassing nearly all instrumental chamber and orchestral genres. musical works with texts (songs, opera, etc.) are not considered program music by this definition textual concepts are nearly always associated with programmatic works in the form of descriptive titles and sometimes in detailed program composers who were considered progressive (e.g. Wagner), championed the cause of program music example - Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet Overture

Answer 18

Absolute music is instrumental music that is not intended to portray a more or less specific message or imagery, usually with a generic title (i.e., a title that provides the genre) not suggestive of an extra-musical association example - Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C Minor

Answer 19

a theme, melody, or thematic material recurs in multiple movements or sections of a piece to create a sense of unity and cohesion i.e. when is a multi-movement work a ‘cycle’?

Answer 20

strophic form modified strophic form through-composed form

Answer 21

AAA a song structure where the same melody is repeated for each verse or stanza, while the lyrics change

Answer 22

A A' A" uses the same musical framework (melody and rhythm) for each stanza of a song, but with subtle variations in the melody, accompaniment, or dynamics to suit the evolving text or mood

Answer 23

composition where each section or verse features new, non-repeating musical material

Answer 24

the additional piano phrases or music that appear at the end of the song, after the singer has finished their part

Answer 25

most famous composer of character pieces most associated with the musical scene of Paris and with the salons of Parisian high society he composed only music for the piano, alone or with other instruments - few exceptions Polish nationalist works - piano pieces called mazurka or polonaise - appealed to the Parisian audience's taste for exoticism

Answer 26

to vary the ‘time’ (the otherwise steady beat) of the musical by slowing down or speeding up in an expressive manner it is an element of correct performance practice to emphasize cadences, new phrases, etc.

Answer 27

One of the most important and influential virtuoso concert pianists in the 19th century fine composer and a leading ‘interpreter’ of music "taste maker" She often performed the works of earlier composers was instrumental in shaping our present-day conception of the piano concert.

Answer 28

a progressive French composer and advocate for program music, especially celebrated for his colorful orchestration an influential music critic - serving as another of our “taste makers wrote the important orchestration manual Treatise on Orchestration (1844)

Answer 29

German composer and pianist Nearly everything she composed was performed exclusively by her in the regular musical soirées (salons) in her family home or before invited audiences in similarly private venues struggled her entire life with the conflicting impulses to authorship versus the social expectations for her high-class status During her lifetime, Hensel’s career, conducted mostly in the private sphere, was overshadowed by the more public exploits of her brother, Felix

Answer 30

Mendelssohn stood at the forefront of German music during the 1830s and 40s, as conductor, pianist, organist and, above all, composer conductor and "taste-maker" leading edge of a gradual trend away from the miscellaneous concert programming of the past toward the new, more ‘serious’ approach that eventually came to define the modern symphony concert made "historical concerts" - arranged and conducted J.S. Bach’s St. Matthew Passion in 1829

Answer 31

Composers based their music off of works by Shakespeare such as Mendelssohn's Midsummer's night dream overture

Answer 32

most famous and important Italian opera composer of the 19th century before Puccini

Answer 33

(Italian) the singer of the principal female role in an opera, or the leading female singer in an opera company

Answer 34

German: drawn from medieval German epics and Norse mythology Italian: often based on popular, contemporary novels and plays.

Answer 35

young Japanese woman who marries an American naval officer. she believes their love is real, and he leaves and she faithfully waits for his return, only to discover he has married another woman. she kills herself "Un bel di" - singing to her lady in waiting about the day her husband returns, that she's doing the right thing

Answer 36

Wagner took models what they perceived as the revolutionary directions indicated by Beethoven. Wagner and his followers were called the New German School, and they adopted as their slogan “the music of the future.” programmatic music as the next evolutionary step in musical development, such as the program symphony and the symphonic poem wrote The Ring Cycle (The Ring of the Nibelung)

Answer 37

French composer, pianist, teacher and scholar She was taught privately, however, as women were forbidden to enroll in the traditional composition classes at the time. Farrenc was paid less than her male colleagues at the Conservatoire for nearly a decade. Only after the triumphant premiere of her Nonet, op 38—in which the famous violinist Joseph Joachim took part—did she receive equal pay.

Answer 38

the most famous and popular Russian composer of the 19th century Composed several very famous ballets - Swan Lake and the Nutcracker

Answer 39

one of the great Czech nationalist composers of the 19th century Eight of Dvořák’s nine operas have librettos in the Czech language and were intended to convey the Czech national spirit Dvořák never quoted actual folk melodies in these works, but he evoked their style and spirit by using traditional rhythmic patterns and formal structures that were common in traditional folk dances. When to America: he took it as his task to engage with indigenous American music, much as he had used Czech folk idioms in his own works. Dvořák showed particular interest in melodies native to the United States—especially “plantation melodies” of African Americans and tunes of Native Americans, which were non-literate traditions.

Answer 40

first American woman to succeed as a composer of large-scale art music wrote Symphony in E Minor, Gaelic Symphony (1894), melodies inspired by folk songs of the Irish, an ethnic group important in the history of New England

Answer 41

one of the most popular forms of musical entertainment in the U.S. for nearly 100 years

Answer 42

a genre of monody (song) composed for solo voice with piano accompaniment a musical setting of a high-quality poem, rarely written by composer, usually a poem already well known to intended audience popular because ubiquity of the piano in homes of wealthier family

Answer 43

Ballet as a genre includes both the dance (choreography) and music. music alone is ballet score dance alone is choreography collaboration of a composer and a choreographer, the latter of whom is responsible for creating the dance itself

Answer 44

Character pieces are one-movement miniatures for solo piano, usually brief (2 to 7 minutes), with more or less descriptive titles a musical composition which is expressive of a specific mood or non-musical idea etude, nocturne, prelude

Answer 45

a short, typically piano-focused musical composition designed for practice and technical study

Answer 46

a composition inspired by or evocative of the night, often characterized by a calm, peaceful feeling and a tuneful, ornamented melody

Answer 47

short character piece, often with an improvisatory quality, can be self-contained

Answer 48

genre of large-ensemble music in multiple movements for a featured instrumental soloist with an orchestra

Answer 49

a one-movement work for orchestra with a descriptive title, usually based on a sonata-form design, making it very much like a symphony first movement (without the other three) a single-movement work in sonata form, scored for orchestra, and with a descriptive title. nearly always sonata-form movements

Answer 50

Concerto with two performances instead of one

Answer 51

Grand opera appealed to the middle-class Parisian audiences through sheer extravagance. Spectacle was at least as important as the music

Answer 52

Created by Wagner. a serious musical theater genre that combines music, singing, and dramatic storytelling

Answer 53

Comic Italian opera, generally in two acts, using recitatives and arias

Answer 54

French equivalent to comic Italian opera

Answer 55

serious Italian opera in three acts, using recitatives and arias

Answer 56

a late romantic genre of classical music for solo voices and orchestra, where the song is accompanied by a full orchestra rather than a piano

Answer 57

a trio for piano and two stringed instruments, usually violin and cello

Answer 58

work of chamber music written for piano and four other instruments (2 violins, viola, cello)

Answer 59

Form of German language music drama, genre of opera, spoken dialogue, no recitative

Answer 60

solo sonata: (1) multi-movement genre for a solo instrumentalist and basso continuo or * (2) multi-movement genre for a solo keyboard (harpsichord most commonly), harp, guitar, or other instrument capable of playing both a melody and an accompaniment simultaneously. trio sonata: a multi-movement genre for TWO instrumental soloists and basso continuo. ensemble can vary widely

Answer 61

a set of songs designed to be performed together, often connected by a common theme, narrative, or musical ideas. An orchestral song cycle is similar but written for voice and orchestra instead of voice and piano.

Answer 62

four movement musical genre for 1st violin, 2nd violin, viola, and cello

Answer 63

A suite is a collection of instrumental pieces, often dance movements, meant to be played in sequence An orchestral suite is a suite specifically written for orchestra, rather than solo instruments or small ensembles

Answer 64

a single-movement in a free form (a form unique to each piece), scored for orchestra, and with a descriptive title The free form of such works allowed composers the freedom to design pieces that closely adhered to the form, content, character, etc. of the extramusical inspiration, making this a particularly Romantic genre from the standpoint of free, individual expression.

Answer 65

large-scale orchestral composition, typically in four movements, with contrasting tempos and moods. It became a major genre in the Classical period, with composers like Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven shaping its development. First movement – Fast, in sonata form Second movement – Slow, lyrical Third movement – A dance-like movement Fourth movement – Fast and energetic, often in rondo or sonata form

Answer 66

a flute, an oboe, a bassoon, a clarinet, and a horn

Answer 67

1 solo 2 duet 3 trio 4 quartet 5 quintet 6 sextet 7 septet 8 octet 9 nonet