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TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is discontinuous data collection?

A

Data that is taken from some sample of the behavior, not each and every instance of the behavior of interest.

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2
Q

What is continuous data collection?

A

Data that is taken on each and every instance of behavior.

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3
Q

What is Momentary Time Sampling?

A

Recording data (YES or NO) regarding the occurrence of a behavior at a specific moment in time.

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4
Q

What is a drawback of Momentary Time Sampling?

A

If the behavior was occurring for the entirety of the interval but briefly stopped at the observation moment, it might be marked ‘no.’

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5
Q

What is an advantage of Momentary Time Sampling?

A

It is relatively resource unintensive, allowing a single data collector to take data on many individuals simultaneously.

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6
Q

What is Partial Interval Recording?

A

Recording data on whether a behavior occurred at any time during a specified interval.

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7
Q

What is Partial Interval Recording?

A

Recording data (YES or NO) if the behavior occurs for any part of a given interval.

For example, if the behavior occurs for 1 second or for the entire interval, you would still score it as a single ‘yes’ for that interval.

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8
Q

What is a potential issue with Partial Interval Recording?

A

It tends to over-estimate behavior, which may be beneficial depending on what you’re measuring.

For example, if you’re teaching someone not to bite their teachers, even 1 second of biting could be pretty painful and disruptive.

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9
Q

What is Whole Interval Recording?

A

Recording data (YES or NO) if the behavior occurs for the ENTIRETY of an observation interval.

Ex. if the behavior occurs for 59 seconds out of a 60 second observation interval, you would not score that interval.

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10
Q

What is a benefit of Whole Interval Recording?

A

It provides a conservative measure of behaviors, especially in group settings.

Ex. a graph with a score of 100% would truly represent mastery, as even a single second of out-of-seat behavior would cost them an entire interval’s score.

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11
Q

What does ‘Applied’ mean in the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions deal with problems of demonstrated social importance.

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12
Q

What does ‘Behavioral’ refer to in the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions deal with measurable behavior (or reports if they can be validated).

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13
Q

What is meant by ‘Analytic’ in the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions require an objective demonstration that the procedures caused the effect.

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14
Q

What does ‘Technological’ signify in the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions are described well enough that they can be implemented by anyone with training and resources.

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15
Q

What are ‘Conceptual Systems’ in the context of the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions arise from a specific and identifiable theoretical base rather than being a set of packages or tricks.

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16
Q

What does ‘Effective’ mean in the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions produce strong, socially important effects.

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17
Q

What does ‘Generality’ refer to in the 7 dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied interventions are designed from the outset to operate in new environments and continue after the formal treatments have ended.

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18
Q

What is an SD?

A

Stands for discriminative stimulus, and it is an antecedent stimulus that correlates with the availability of a reinforcer.

Ex. the hot n’ fresh sign outside of a donut shop - when you see the sign lit up, it indicates to you that a particular reinforcer - hot n’ fresh donuts - are available should you go inside and attempt to purchase them.

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19
Q

What does MO stand for?

A

MO stands for motivating operation, which alters the value of a consequence from moment to moment.

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20
Q

What are the two types of motivating operations?

A

The two types are Establishing Operations (EO) and Abolishing Operations (AO).

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21
Q

What is the effect of Establishing Operations (EO)?

A

EO increases the value of a consequence.

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22
Q

What is the effect of Abolishing Operations (AO)?

A

AO decreases the value of a consequence over time.

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23
Q

What are the 7 Dimensions of ABA?

A

Applied, Behavioral, Analytic, Technological, Conceptual Systems, Effective, Generality

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24
Q

What are permanent products?

A

Permanent products are the physical results of a behavior that can be counted to indicate some frequency or total count of behavior.

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25
Give an example of a permanent product.
A chef might count the number of salads made by a cook during a dinner rush to determine that cook's rate of salad production.
26
What should permanent products correspond to?
Each 'product' should correspond to a countable dimension of a behavior of interest.
27
How long should permanent products last?
Permanent products should last a long enough time to be counted by the interested party.
28
Do all behaviors produce permanent products?
All behaviors produce physical change in the universe, but only some produce a 'product' that corresponds uniquely to the countability of a discrete behavior.
29
Why is counting bubbles not effective as a permanent product?
Bubbles produce a very brief 'permanent' product, and if you tried to count them a few hours later, you would score zeroes.
30
Why is choosing the correct permanent product important?
Choosing the correct permanent product is important to avoid unethical practices and ensure accurate measurement.
31
What unethical practice might occur with permanent products?
A healthcare clinic may backdate and retroactively log supervision and client activity logs to mislead an auditor.
32
What should you be cautious of when using a permanent product system?
Be on the lookout for 'cheating' systems where contingencies are built around permanent products.
33
What are the continuous measurement procedures?
Continuous measurement procedures include frequency, duration, rate, IRT, and latency.
34
What is frequency in continuous measurement?
Frequency refers to the total event count.
35
What is duration in continuous measurement?
Duration refers to the total time.
36
What is rate in continuous measurement?
Rate refers to frequency per unit time.
37
What is IRT in continuous measurement?
IRT stands for inter-response time, which is the time between responses.
38
What is latency in continuous measurement?
Latency is the time between an antecedent stimuli and the occurrence of a specific response.
39
How do continuous measurement procedures differ from discontinuous measurement procedures?
Continuous measurement procedures record each response, while discontinuous measurement procedures record occurrence vs non-occurrence at specific moments.
40
What are some examples of discontinuous measurement procedures?
Examples include momentary time sampling, partial interval recording, and whole interval recording.
41
Who is the founder of Radical Behaviorism?
B.F. Skinner
42
What are mass trials?
Mass trials are a teaching technique where you repeatedly present the same instruction or cue to help someone learn a specific response.
43
What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?
A discriminative stimulus (SD) is the instruction or cue presented during mass trials.
44
What do you do if the learner doesn't know how to respond?
You provide prompts (hints or assistance) to guide them to the correct answer.
45
Can you give an example of mass trials?
Let's say you're teaching a child to identify a red block. You present the red block and say, 'Touch red.' If the child doesn't respond, you guide their hand to touch the red block (a prompt). When they touch it, you immediately say, 'Great job!' and give them a small reward. You repeat this process several times in a row (mass trials). Over time, the child learns to touch the red block on their own without needing a prompt.
46
What is the goal of using mass trials?
The goal is to focus on one specific skill and help the learner gain confidence and fluency with it.
47
What happens after the learner masters a skill through mass trials?
Once they master it, you can move on to teaching other skills or SDs.
48
What is Pavlov's Experiment?
Pavlov's experiment documented a process where a stimulus (S1) can be paired with a second stimulus (S2) to impact behavior similarly to the first stimulus.
49
What is the first stimulus in Pavlov's Experiment?
The first stimulus elicits a reflex (e.g., salivating, increased heart rate) and is associated with a biological need like hunger or sleep.
50
What is the second stimulus in Pavlov's Experiment?
The second stimulus is neutral and has no current impact on behavior.
51
What is conditioning?
Conditioning occurs when the first stimulus and second stimulus are repeatedly presented together, leading the organism to react to the second stimulus as if it were the first.
52
What is Classical Conditioning?
Classical Conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning or Respondent Conditioning, refers to the pairing process documented in Pavlov's Experiment.
53
What is Forward Conditioning?
Forward Conditioning is when the onset of the Conditioned Stimulus (CS) precedes the onset of the Unconditioned Stimulus (US), leading to the fastest learning.
54
What is Simultaneous Conditioning?
Simultaneous Conditioning occurs when the CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time.
55
What is Backwards Conditioning?
Backwards Conditioning occurs when a CS immediately follows a US, usually resulting in the organism learning that the CS signals the end of the US.
56
What is Extinction in conditioning?
Extinction occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US following, after the CS has already been conditioned.
57
What is a preference assessment?
A preference assessment is a method used by behavior analysts to figure out what items or activities someone prefers. These preferences are often used as reinforcers to increase desired behaviors.
58
What are appetitive stimuli?
Appetitive stimuli are things that are enjoyable, preferred, or rewarding for the person (e.g., toys, food, activities). In a preference assessment, behavior analysts identify these stimuli to determine what could motivate a person.
59
What is Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)?
MSWO is a common preference assessment where the individual is presented with a selection of items and asked to choose one. Once an item is chosen, it is removed, and the process continues. This helps rank preferences because the most preferred items are chosen first.
60
What is a Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment?
Present one item at a time to the individual and record whether they engage with it (e.g., touch, use, eat, or play). ## Footnote Example: Offer a toy and see if the child interacts with it.
61
When is a Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment used?
For individuals who might have difficulty choosing between multiple options.
62
What is a Paired-Stimulus (Forced-Choice) Preference Assessment?
Present two items at a time and have the individual choose one. Continue pairing items in different combinations to rank preferences. ## Footnote Example: Offer a piece of candy and a toy, and record which one the child picks.
63
When is a Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessment used?
To identify highly preferred items when a clear ranking is needed.
64
What is a Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessment?
There are two main types: With Replacement (MSW) and Without Replacement (MSWO).
65
What is the With Replacement (MSW) type of Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessment?
After the individual selects an item, it is returned to the array for the next trial. ## Footnote Used to identify a single most-preferred item.
66
What is the Without Replacement (MSWO) type of Multiple-Stimulus Preference Assessment?
Once an item is chosen, it is removed from the array, and the individual picks from the remaining items. This allows for ranking preferences.
67
When is the Without Replacement (MSWO) used?
To determine a hierarchy of preferences.
68
What is a Free-Operant Preference Assessment?
Allow the individual free access to multiple items in an environment for a set period. Measure the amount of time they engage with each item. ## Footnote Example: Set out several toys and record how long the individual plays with each.
69
When is a Free-Operant Preference Assessment used?
For individuals who may not tolerate structured assessments or who might become upset if items are removed.
70
What is a Brief Preference Assessment?
A quick version of the MSWO or paired-stimulus assessment, often with fewer items or trials.
71
When is a Brief Preference Assessment used?
When time is limited, or there’s a need to quickly identify potential reinforcers.
72
What is a Response Restriction Preference Assessment?
Allow the individual to engage with several items but restrict access to the most-preferred item after initial engagement. Then observe choices from the remaining items.
73
When is a Response Restriction Preference Assessment used?
To identify second- or third-tier preferences after the most preferred item is removed.
74
What is Reinforcer Sampling?
Provide brief exposure to several items or activities and observe which ones elicit the strongest engagement or interest.
75
When is Reinforcer Sampling used?
When introducing new items that the individual hasn’t experienced before.
76
How to choose the right preference assessment for individuals who can’t make choices easily?
Use Single-Stimulus Preference Assessment.
77
How to choose the right preference assessment when ranking preferences is needed?
Use Paired-Stimulus Preference Assessment.
78
How to choose the right preference assessment for identifying a clear hierarchy of preferences?
Use MSWO.
79
How to choose the right preference assessment for individuals who might get upset with structured testing?
Use Free-Operant Preference Assessment.

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