TERMS

Question 1

HYDROCARBONS

Answer 1

Organic compounds that contain ONLY CARBON and HYDROGEN ATOMS

Question 2

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

Answer 2

Series of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS with
- SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP
- 4eeach member differs by ONE CH2 GROUP

Question 3

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Answer 3

GROUP of ATOMS that determine how COMPOUND REACTS

Question 4

ISOMERS

Answer 4

Same MOLECULAR FORMULA diff STRUCTURAL FORMULA

Question 5

VOLATILITY

Answer 5

Tendency to VAPOURISE

Question 6

FRACTIONATING COLUMN

Answer 6

Rain Pours Kindly Down From Blue

REFINERY - fuel for cooking / heating
PETROL
KEROSENE
DIESEL
FUEL
BITUMEN

Question 7

CRACKING

Answer 7

Long HYDROCARBON CHAINS being BROKEN into MORE USEFUL SHORT HYDROCARBON CHAINS

! Higher demand , carried out in REFINERY

• THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

LONG CHAIN ALKANE —> SHORT CHAIN ALKANE + SMALL ALKENE ( for POLYMERS)

Question 8

COMPLETE COMBUSTION

Answer 8

In EXCESS OXYGEN :

Lots of HEAT + WATER + CO2

Question 9

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION

Answer 9

INSUFFICIENT OXYGEN :

! SOOT ( Carbon ) C

CO ( CARB. MONO) + WATER

—> CO = colourless + poisoners + odorless

reduces blood capacity to bind w. O2

Question 10

ACID RAIN

Answer 10

Burning FF + vehicles

! Kills plants and trees
! Corrode limestone buildings

Question 11

OXIDES of NITROGEN + SULFUR DIOXIDE

Answer 11

N :

• formed in car engines at HIGH TEMP - N2 + 2O2 —> 2NO2
• 2NO = lighting
  Converts to NITRIC ACID - ( acid rain )

S:

• burning FF - S + O2 —> SO2
• water + O2 —> H2SO-SULFURIC ACID
• JUST water —> H2SO3 - SULFUROUS ACID ( weaker)

Question 12

Reducing EMISSIONS

Answer 12

• CATALYTIC CONVERTERS in CARS
• SCRUBBING GASES from power stations — DISSOLVED in WATER - NEUTRALISED

Question 13

BROMINE REACTIONS

Answer 13

ALKANE : SUBSITUITION

EthANE + Bromine —> BromoethANE + Hydrogen Bromide ( HBr)

ALKENE : ADDITION

EthENE + Bromine —> DibrommoethANE

! Decolourises BROMINE water

Question 14

ALCOHOL REACTIONS

Answer 14

1) COMPLETE COMBUSTION

2) OXIDATION by AIR - ETHANOIC ACID

! Microbes eg. BACTERIA + YEAST

! POTASSIUM DICHROMATE ( orange ) in DILUTE SULFURIC ACID - catalyst

ORANGE —> GREEN

Question 15

ETHANOL REACTIONS

Answer 15

1) CATALYTIC HYDRATION - non renewable

! PHOSPHORIC ACID CATALYST
! 300 degrees + high PRESS 60-70 stm

!!!! PURE ETHANOL

• QUICK but $$$

Used as SOLVENTS

2) FERMENTATION - renewable

Water + sugar + yeast - ANAEROBIC

• fraction distillation - IMPURE and SLOW

Used in Alcoholic drinks

Question 16

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PROPERTIES

Answer 16

• HIGHER BOILING POINT - STRONGER intermolecular FORCES
• WEAK ACID - LOW CONC. Less H+ ions so react SLOWLY

-

Question 17

CARBOXYLIC - reaction w METALS

Answer 17

MAGNESIUM + ETHANOIC ACID —> MAGNESIUM ETHANOATE + HYDROGEN

! Magnesium DISSAPEARS —- XdissolvesX
! Bubbling and fizzing

Question 18

How to make ESTERS

Answer 18

Butanol + pentatonic acid—> butyl pentanoate

! SULFURIC ACID CATALYST

For prac: pour mixture into test tub of SODIUM CARBONATE after BOILING above in TEST TUBE in beaker of WATER

Question 19

ESTER PROPERTIES

Answer 19

• VOLIATILE
• LOW BOILING POINT

! Food flavoutrings and perfumes

Question 20

POLYMERISATION

Answer 20

Many SMALL MONOMERS join TOGETHER to form a LARGE POLYMER containing many REPEAT UNITS