Terms Flashcards
what is “Snapshot” theory
- importance of specific moments in a person’s life that can significantly impact their behavior and choices.
- Explains factors influencing delinquency across life stages
What are the factors impacting delinquency for developmental theories?
structural conditions (such as socioeconomic status and family structure) to individual traits (such as temperament) to traditional social control concepts (such as bonding, attachment, and supervision).
What are life course theories?
Informal social controls-such as involvement in family, work, and school—mediate structural context and explain criminal involvement even in the face of the underlying level of criminal propensity.
How are females impacted when we talk about delinquency?
Examines how patriarchy and gender stratification affect the lives of girls as they grow up. Such an examination is critical for understanding the nature of female delinquency and the appropriateness of explanations put forth to explain it.
Who violates the law more? Male or female
At the same time, Morris argues that women do have aspirations similar to men (for example, jobs, education, and money) but are denied the same opportunities to achieve them. If this is so, it would follow that female rates of delinquency should be higher than the corresponding male rates
What is retaliation aggression?
Refers to aggressive responses to perceived threats or harm, often seen in both genders but manifesting differently
Nurturing and caring refers to what role?
Roles associated with support and emotional guidance
Juvenile Delinquency?
a violation of the law committed by a juvenile that would have been a crime if committed by an adult
Is there more research on males or females in criminology?
males made up most of the delinquent population in the courts and correctional institutions, policies designed to respond to delinquency sought out theories that dealt primarily with boys
The Unadjusted Girl, published in 1923 by W. I. Thomas
males and females are biologically different, they are motivated by natural biological instincts leading to “wish fulfillment,” how they approach the fulfillment of the wishes differs
What are the four distinct categories of wishes?
The desire for new experience
The desire for security
The desire for response
The desire for recognition
What did Polk in 1950 “Criminology of Women” argue about women’s crimes?
women are as criminal as men but that their criminality is hidden or “masked.” The masking of their crimes and delinquencies is a result of “natural” physiological differences in the sexes
Do sociological theories influence behavior?
In this section we examine the ideas of several theorists whose work influenced the development of major bodies of criminological theory.
What did Sutherland believe about girls being exposed to fewer criminal associations or more?
girls who become delinquent have less parental supervision and, therefore, develop the same kind of delinquent associations as those developed by delinquent boys.
Travis Hirschi’s view on girls’ social control theory?
girls are less delinquent than boys because girls are socialized to be less impulsive, to take fewer risks, and to be more sensitive and verbal (rather than physical), more resistant to temptations, and more obedient.
Emile durkheim’s arguments on norms?
Argued that norms shape individual behavior and societal order.
Views on single parenthood
- Less supervision of their children is less effectively.
- Children grow up too fast.
- Single mothers give adolescents too much decision making and less control of their child
- Children from single-parent families are more susceptible to peer pressure.
Children experience lower levels of parental attachment.
What are teachers’ concerns about threats?
- They found that 80% of teachers reported at least one form of victimization, and 94% were victimized by students.
- About 75% of teachers had been harassed and, 50% were victims of theft, 44% were physically attacked or assaulted.
Forms of bullying
Physical Bullying- Fighting and hurting someone
Verbal- Consistent verbal harassment
Emotional- the use of words to isolate, mock, or tease another individual
Sexual- sexual comments, taunts and threats
Cyber- Online, consistent harassment
