Terms Flashcards
Crushing Test on aggregate is for?
Strength Property
Los Angeles Abrasion Test on Aggregate is for?
Hardness
Soundness Test on aggregate is for what property?
Weathering
Angularity Test on aggregate is for what property?
Shape
a type of hazard control considered to be most effective. it involves physically removing the hazard.
Elimination
a type of hazard control considered to be most effective. it involves physically removing the hazard.
Elimination
what shall be posted in prominent and strategic location in a language understandable to all to warn workers and public of the hazards in the workplace?
Safety Signage and Devices
a worker trainer and tasked by the employer to implement occupational safety and health programs in accordance with the provision of the occupational safety and health standards (OSHS)
Construction Safety and Health Officer
what is the resulting motion of the tires when a path along the road surface is more than the circumferential movement of the tires due to rotation?
skidding
An _______ demonstrates the relationship between direct and indirect costs of accidents in which, on the average, the indirect costs exceed the direct costs.
Iceberg
An _______ demonstrates the relationship between direct and indirect costs of accidents in which, on the average, the indirect costs exceed the direct costs.
Iceberg
What are the examples of indirect costs?
Overhead Costs
Schedule Delays
Medical Costs
Proper sequence of the following:
I. Quadrilateral
II. Parallelogram
III. Rectangle
IV: Square
IV-III-II-I
This refers to the type of use of building for interior space such as an office, a restaurant, a private residence, or a school. Uses of such are grouped based on similar life-safety characteristics, fire hazards, and combustible contents.
Occupancy
The maximum distance, as specified in the construction contract, that the contractor is expected to transport soil material without receiving additional payment.
Freehaul Distance
True of False: According to AASHTO, dust to binder ratio ranges from 0.6-1.2 is an ideal range.
True
at N(min) = 8 gyrations, value of G(mm) must be less than or equal to ___?
89%
at N(max) = 174 gyrations, value of G(mm) must be less than or equal to:
98%
For 19mm aggregate size GMA is between _________ (VFA)
65% and 75%
For 18mm aggregate size, GMA is VMA less than or equal to ___
13%
True or False: the retarder should be as near as possible to the warm side of the insulation or warm face of assembly. It should be installed by a method suitable for the specific condensation hazard.
True
What is Construction Management?
It may refer to the contractual arrangement under which a firm supplies construction management services to an owner.
What does Quality Management include?
It includes activities such as specification development, process control, product acceptance, laboratory and technician certification, training, and communication.
What is Quality Control (QC) primarily concerned with?
QC is primarily concerned with the process control function.
What is Earthmoving?
It is the process of moving soil or rock from one location to another and processing it to meet construction requirements.
What is Trafficability?
It is the ability of a soil to support the weight of vehicles under repeated traffic.
What is Loadability?
It is a measure of the difficulty in excavating and loading a soil.
What is Plate Line Capacity?
It is the bucket volume contained within the bucket when following the outline of the bucket sides.
What is Struck Capacity?
It is the bucket capacity when the load is struck off flush with the bucket sides.
What does Water Line Capacity assume?
It assumes a level of material flush with the lowest edge of the bucket.
What is Heaped Volume?
It is the maximum volume that can be placed in the bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of repose for the material.
What is a Dragline?
It is a very versatile machine that has the longest reach for digging and dumping of any member of the crane shovel family.
What are Cranes primarily used for?
They are primarily used for lifting, lowering, and transporting loads.
What does Grade Resistance represent?
It represents that component of vehicle weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface.
What is Rolling Resistance primarily due to?
It is primarily due to tire flexing and penetration of the travel surface.
What does Fixed Time represent?
It represents those components of cycle time other than travel time.
What does Variable Time represent?
It represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to the unloading site and return.
What is Ground Modification or Soil Stabilization?
It is the process of giving natural soils enough abrasive resistance and shear strength to accommodate traffic or design loads.
What is Compaction?
It is the process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer together.
What is Dynamic Compaction?
It involves dropping a heavy weight from a crane onto the ground surface to achieve soil densification.
What is Vibratory Compaction?
It is the process of densifying cohesionless soils by inserting a vibratory probe into the soil.
What is Surcharging?
It is placing additional weight on the soil surface to densify cohesive soils.
What does Soil Stabilization refer to?
It refers to the improvement of the engineering properties of a soil by use of physical or chemical admixtures.
What is Grading?
It is the process of bringing earthwork to the desired shape and elevation.
What is Finish Grading?
It involves smoothing slopes, shaping ditches, and bringing the earthwork to the elevation required by the plans and specifications.
What is Balancing in highway construction?
It is the process of cutting down high spots and filling in low spots of each roadway layer.
What is Trimming?
It is the process of bringing each roadway layer to its final grade.
What are the phases of Rock Moving?
The process may be considered in four phases: loosening, loading, hauling, and compacting.
What is concrete produced from?
Concrete is produced by mixing portland cement, aggregate, and water.
What are the construction operations involved in the production of concrete?
The operations include batching, mixing, placing, consolidating, and finishing.
What is the weight range of normal-weight concrete?
Normal-weight concrete usually weighs from 140 to 160 lb/cu ft (2243-2563 kg/m3).
What is lightweight insulating concrete?
Lightweight insulating concrete weighs from 15 to 90 lb/cu ft (240-1442 kg/m3) and has a 28-day compressive strength from about 100 to 1000 lb/sq in. (690-6895 kPa).
What is heavyweight concrete used for?
Heavyweight concrete is used primarily for nuclear radiation shielding.
What is no-slump concrete?
No-slump concrete is concrete having a slump of 1 in. (2.5 cm) or less.
What is slump in concrete?
Slump is a measure of concrete consistency obtained by placing concrete into a test cone and measuring the decrease (slump) of the sample when the cone is removed.
What is refractory concrete?
Refractory concrete is suitable for high temperature applications such as boilers.
What is precast concrete?
Precast concrete is concrete that has been cast into the desired shape prior to placement in a structure.
What is architectural concrete?
Architectural concrete is concrete that will be exposed to view and utilizes special shapes, designs, or surface finishes.
How many principal types of portland cement are there?
There are five principal types of portland cement classified as Types I-V.
What is Type I portland cement used for?
Type I portland cement is used for general-purpose applications.
What is Type II portland cement known for?
Type II portland cement provides better resistance to alkali attack and produces less heat of hydration than Type I.
What does Type III portland cement provide?
Type III portland cement provides 190% of Type I strength after 1 day of curing.
What is the characteristic of Type IV portland cement?
Type IV portland cement produces only 40-60% of the heat of Type I cement during the first 7 days.
What is Type V portland cement used for?
Type V portland cement provides maximum sulfate resistance.
What is the purpose of aggregate in concrete?
Aggregate is used to reduce the cost of the mix and to reduce shrinkage.
Why is water required in the concrete mix?
Water is required for hydration of the cement.
What is hydration in concrete?
Hydration is the chemical reaction between cement and water which produces heat of hydration.
What is the typical water/cement ratio used?
Water/cement ratios normally used range from about 0.40 to 0.70 by weight.
What is the benefit of air-entrained concrete?
Air-entrained concrete significantly increases resistance to freezing and thawing.
What do water-reducing agents do?
Water-reducing agents increase the slump or workability of a concrete mix.
What do retarders do in concrete?
Retarders slow the rate of hardening of concrete.
What is the function of accelerators in concrete?
Accelerators decrease setting time and increase the early strength of concrete.
What are pozzolans used for?
Pozzolans are used to reduce the heat of hydration, increase the workability, and reduce the segregation of a mix.
What do workability agents or plasticizers do?
Workability agents or plasticizers increase the workability of a mix.
What is batching in concrete mixing?
Batching is the process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates, and additives prior to mixing concrete.
What are truck mixers?
Truck mixers or transit mix trucks are truck-mounted concrete mixers capable of mixing and transporting concrete.
What is ready-mixed concrete?
The product delivered by truck mixers is referred to as ready-mixed concrete.
What is coarse aggregate?
Coarse aggregate consists of gravel, crushed stone, or another suitable material larger than ¼ in. (6.4 mm) in diameter.
What are admixtures in concrete?
Admixtures are materials other than portland cement, aggregates, and water that are added to concrete either immediately before or during its mixing to alter the properties of the concrete in a variety of ways.
What can admixtures be used to improve?
Admixtures can be used to improve workability, reduce separation of coarse and fine aggregates due to settling, entrain air, and accelerate or retard setting and hardening.
What do water-reducing admixtures do?
Water-reducing admixtures permit a lower water content, improve workability, and increase the efficiency of the portland cement in a mix, lowering a concrete’s cost relative to its performance.
What are high-range water-reducing admixtures used for?
High-range water-reducing (super plasticizers) are mostly used in concrete that is to be pumped.
What are retarders in concrete?
Retarders are admixtures that have a retarding effect on the set of portland cement, overcoming the accelerating effect of temperature during hot weather and delaying early stiffening.
What do accelerators do in concrete?
Accelerators increase the rate of early strength development in concrete.
What is formwork in building construction?
Formwork is the mold used to maintain the shape of concrete before it sets.
What are flying forms?
Flying forms are made by building large sections of form and supporting the entire section on deep steel trusses.
What is slip forming?
Slip forming is a method of continuously moving a form for vertical structures upward on jacks as new concrete is placed on top of the old.
What are waterstops?
Waterstops are rubber or vinyl inserts designed to be placed in concrete joints to prevent water from penetrating the joint.
What are isolation and separation joints?
Isolation and separation joints are necessary to separate concrete sections and prevent bonding or to separate concrete from other materials.
What is the ideal water-cement ratio?
The water-cement ratio selected should be the lowest value required to meet design requirements such as durability, strength, and impermeability.
What does concrete exposed to wet-dry cycling require for durability?
Concrete exposed to wet-dry cycling requires a low water-cement ratio, air-entrainment, suitable materials, adequate curing, and good construction practices.
What is plastic concrete?
Plastic concrete is one that is readily molded and will change its form only slowly if handled.
How is concrete handled and transported?
Concrete is handled and transported by push buggies, buckets handled by cranes, pumping through a pipeline, or pneumatically forcing through a hose (shotcrete).
How is concrete delivered to the site?
Concrete is either delivered by truck or mixed on-site and moved to its placement location.
What are the methods of moving concrete to its placement location?
Concrete can be moved by:
- Dumping directly from a truck’s chute.
- Buggy.
- Dumping into a large bucket lifted by crane.
- Dumping into a concrete pump.
What is the movement of plastic concrete into its final position called?
The movement of plastic concrete into its final position is called placing.
What is shotcrete?
Shotcrete is pneumatically placed concrete, used primarily for swimming pools and repairing damaged concrete.
What is the purpose of compacting concrete?
Compacting concrete eliminates stone pockets and air bubbles, consolidates layers, embeds reinforcing, and produces the desired finish.
How should medium- to high-slump concrete be compacted?
Medium- to high-slump concrete should be compacted and worked into place by spading or puddling.
What are the steps in finishing standard-weight concrete slabs?
The steps are screeding, leveling, edging, jointing, floating, troweling, and broom finishing.
What is bleeding in concrete?
Bleeding is the tendency of dry materials to settle to the bottom and displace mixing water to the surface shortly after placement.
What is screeding?
Screeding is the process of striking off the surface of newly placed concrete with a straightedge.
What is leveling in concrete finishing?
Leveling is bringing a concrete surface to true grade with enough mortar to produce the desired finish.
What is the purpose of edging in concrete finishing?
Edging rounds off the formed edge of a slab to prevent chipping or damage.
What is jointing in concrete?
Jointing involves placing premolded inserts in concrete slabs to control cracking due to shrinkage.
When should floating be done in concrete finishing?
Floating may be done when the water sheen has disappeared and the concrete can support the finisher’s weight.
What is the purpose of floating in concrete finishing?
The purpose of floating is to embed large aggregate, remove imperfections, consolidate mortar, and allow moisture to escape.
What is troweling in concrete finishing?
Troweling is done on slabs that are to be left exposed or to receive thin finishes.
What is broom finishing?
Broom finishing is the process of brushing steel-troweled concrete surfaces to produce a nonslip surface.
What is scaling in concrete?
Scaling is the breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab to a depth of about 1/6 to 3/16 in.
What is crazing in concrete?
Crazing is the occurrence of numerous fine hair cracks in the surface of a newly hardened slab due to surface shrinkage.
What is dusting in concrete?
Dusting is the appearance of a powdery material on the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab.
What is fuel-resistant asphalt?
Fuel-resistant asphalt, often based on polymer-modified asphalt, has high resistance to rutting, cracking, and petroleum fuels.
What is asphalt cutback?
Asphalt cutback is created when petroleum distillates are mixed with asphalt cement and is liquid at room temperature.
What are asphalt emulsions?
Asphalt emulsions contain particles of asphalt dispersed in water by means of emulsifying agents.
What is the flash point of a liquid?
The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of air and an open flame.
What is a slipform paver?
A slipform paver is capable of spreading, consolidating, and finishing a concrete slab without the use of conventional forms.
What is a tack coat?
A tack coat is a thin coating of light bituminous material applied to a previously paved surface to act as a bonding agent.
What is a dust palliative?
A dust palliative is a substance applied to an unpaved surface to reduce the amount of dust produced by vehicular traffic and wind.
What is a fog seal?
A fog seal is a light application of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water.
What is an emulsion slurry seal?
An emulsion slurry seal is composed of a mixture of slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water.
What is a sand seal?
A sand seal is composed of a light application of a medium-viscosity liquid asphalt covered with fine aggregates.
What are single-pass and multiple-pass surface treatments?
Single-pass and multiple-pass surface treatments, also called aggregate surface treatments, consist of alternate applications of asphalt and aggregate.
What is a single-pass surface treatment?
A single-pass surface treatment is constructed by spraying on a layer of asphalt and covering it with a layer of aggregate approximately one stone in depth.
What does recycling in pavement consist of?
Recycling consists of the demolition of old pavement, recrushing of the pavement material, and reusing it in new asphalt or concrete mixes.
What is the foundation of a structure?
The foundation of a structure supports the weight of the structure and its applied loads.
What is a spread footing?
A spread footing is the simplest and probably the most common type of building foundation, including individual footings, footings, and mat foundations.
What are mat or raft foundations?
Mat or raft foundations consist of a heavily reinforced concrete slab extending under the entire structure to spread the structure’s load over a large area.
What is a floating foundation?
A floating foundation is a type of mat foundation where the weight of the soil excavated approximately equals the weight of the structure being erected.
What is ground modification?
The process of improving soils in place is called ground modification or soil stabilization.
What is a pile?
A pile is a column driven into the soil to support a structure by transferring building loads to a deeper and stronger layer of soil or rock.
What are precast concrete piles?
Precast concrete piles may be manufactured in almost any desired size or shape.
What are cast-in-place concrete piles?
Cast-in-place concrete piles are constructed by driving a steel shell into the ground and then filling it with concrete.
What are steel piles?
Steel piles are capable of supporting heavy loads, can be driven to great depth without damage, and are easily cut and spliced.
What are composite piles?
Composite piles are piles made up of two or more different materials.
What are bulb piles?
Bulb piles are a special form of cast-in-place concrete pile in which an enlarged base (or bulb) is formed during driving.
What is a pier?
A pier is a column, usually of reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface.
What is a caisson?
A caisson is a structure used to provide all-around lateral support to an excavation and may be either open or pneumatic.
What is liquefaction?
Liquefaction occurs when the water pressure exactly equals soil weight, causing the soil to behave like a liquid.
