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Skeletal Rad > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Direct Search - A, B, C, S

A

A - Alignment
B - Bone
C - Cartilage (joint space)
S - Soft Tissue

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2
Q

Imaging that allows detailed examination of anatomy & abnormalities that are covered by shadows & are inaccessible by conventional radiography

A

Conventional tomography

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3
Q

Imaging is important in assessment of trauma to skull, face, spine, pelvis, hips, & shoulders

A

Computed tomography

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4
Q

Imaging hinges on the selective uptake of certain compounds by different organs of the body. Utilizes the isotope techntium-99m-methylene disphosphate

A

Bone Scintigraphy AKA Radionuclide bone scan

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5
Q

Contrast opacification of joint cavities to evaluate joint disease

A

Arthrography

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6
Q

Introduction of a water-soluble contrast agent into an artery or vein

A

Angiography

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7
Q

Contrast examination of the spine and spinal cord by injection into subarachnoid space

A

Myelography

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8
Q

Placement of water-soluble contrast media into the intervertebral disc under fluoroscopic control

A

Discography

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9
Q

Based on the re-emission of an absorbed radiofrequency while the patient is in a strong magnetic field. Signal is emitted by hydrogen nuclei

A

MRI

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10
Q

This imaging technique produces a fat image in which structures containing fat (bone marrow, subcutaneous fat) appear bright

A

T1 Weighted image

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11
Q

Produces a water image in which substances that contain predominantly free or loosely bound water molecules (neoplasms, edema, inflammation, healthy nucleus pulposus) appear bright whereas substances w/ tightly bound water (ligs, menisici, tendons) appear dark

A

T2 weighted image

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12
Q

Disruption in the continuity of bone

A

Fracture

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13
Q

Complete loss of continuity b/w opposing bones at a joint

A

Dislocation

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14
Q

Partial loss of continuity b/w opposing bones at a joint

A

Subluxation

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15
Q

Displacement of a bone in relation to opposing bones in a slightly or synarthrodial joint

A

Diastasis

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16
Q

Most caused by forces acting at a point remote from a site of fracture

A

Indirect Force

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17
Q

Type of fracture determined by magnitude of the force

A

Direct force

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18
Q

Discontinuity between 2 or more fragments

A

Complete fracture

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19
Q

Skin overlying fracture is intact

A

Closed fracture

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20
Q

Skin overlying fracture is disrupted

A

Open fracture

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21
Q

Results in partial discontinuity; portion of cortex remains intact

A

Incomplete Fracture

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22
Q

Owing to compression forces the cortex bulges outward

A

Torus (Buckling) Fracture

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23
Q

Occurs primarily in infants & children under 10yr; bone bends, applying tension to the convex side, producing a transverse fracture w/ the concave side remaining intact

A

Greenstick (Hickory stick) Fracture

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24
Q

Fracture that has more than 2 fragments

A

Comminuted Fracture

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25
Q

Fracture that exhibit the tearing away of a portion of the bone by a forceful muscular or ligamentous pulling. Frequent sites are the tuberosities of tubular bones & the lower cervical spinous process

A

Avulsion Fracture

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26
Q

Fracture occurs when a portion of bone is driven into its adjacent segment because of the compressive forces

A

Impaction Fracture

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27
Q

Type of fracture that is caused by repetitive stress, causing gradual formation of microfractures & eventually an interruption in the bone structure at a greater rate than ca be offset by the reparative process

A

Stress Fracture

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28
Q

A type of stress fracture that is caused by abnormal stress involving normal bone

A

Fatigue fracture

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29
Q

A type of stress fracture caused by normal stress involving abnormal bone

A

Insufficiency fracture

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30
Q

Fracture often associated w/ bone-softening disease such as Paget’s rickets, osteomalacia

A

Pseudofracture

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31
Q

Type of fracture that gives clinical signs of its presence w/o any radiological evidence

A

Occult Fracture

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32
Q

Two most common locations for occult fractures

A

Scaphoid & ribs

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33
Q

This type of Fx orientation runs at a right angle to the long axis of a bone

A

Transverse Fx

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34
Q

This type of fracture orientation runs approx. 45deg to the long axis of the bone; common in the shaft of a long tubular bone

A

Oblique Fx

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35
Q

Torsion, coupled w/ axial compression & angulation creates this type of Fx orientation

A

Spiral Fx

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36
Q

Medial angulation of a bone is AKA?

A

a Valgus configuration

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37
Q

Lateral angulation of a bone is AKA?

A

A Varus configuration

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38
Q

This is concerned w/ closeness of the bony fragments in a fx

A

Apposition

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39
Q

This type of Salter-Harris Fx is a fx through the growth plate; pure epiphyseal separation caused primarily by shearing forces

A

Type I

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40
Q

Salter Harris Type I Fx occurs most commonly at what age?

A

Under 5

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41
Q

This type of Salter-Harris Fx is a fx through the growth plate & metaphysis; caused by shearing or avulsive + compressive forces

A

Type II (Most common)

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42
Q

Most common age & location for a Salter-Harris Type II Fx?

A

10-16; distal radius

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43
Q

Name of sign associated with a SH II fx?

A

Thurston-Holland sign AKA Corner sign (metaphyseal fragment)

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44
Q

What type of Salter Harris fx is through the growth plate & epiphysis?

A

Type III

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45
Q

What type of Salter Harris fx goes through the growth plate, metaphysis, & epiphysis?

A

Type IV

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46
Q

What type of Salter-Harris fx is a compression fx through the growth plate

A

Type V

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47
Q

Most common age for a Salter-Harries Type III fx?

A

10-15

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48
Q

Most common site of Type III Salter-Harris?

A

Distal tibia

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49
Q

Type of force that cause Type III Salter-Harris?

A

Intra-articular shearing forces

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50
Q

Type of force that causes Type IV Salter-Harris?

A

Vertical splitting forces

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51
Q

Most common site of Salter-Harris Type IV?

A

Lateral humeral condyle before age 10; distal tibia after age 10

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52
Q

Type of force that causes a Salter Harris Type V?

A

Crushing or compression force

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53
Q

Most common sites for a Salter-Harris Type V

A

distal femur, prox. & distal tibia

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54
Q

This is the plastic exudate & tissue that develops around the ends of, & ultimately unites, the fx fragments

A

Callus

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55
Q

Refers to a fracture that doesn’t unite w/i a reasonable amount of time

A

Delayed Union (16-18 wks)

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56
Q

Fracture that fails to unite

A

Nonunion

57
Q

This is usually involves open fractures or fractures treated by surgical reduction; typically caused by Staph. aureus

A

Osteomyelitis

58
Q

Severe & painful regional osteoporosis after rather trivial trauma

A

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome

59
Q

This is due to ischemia of the muscles followed by fibrosis; most common following supracondylar fx of humerus

A

Volkmans Ischemic Contracture

60
Q

Occasionally following trauma to soft tissues, an enlarging painful mass develops

A

Myositis Ossificans

61
Q

Most common type of skull fracture

A

Linear fx

62
Q

Type of skull fx that typically results from impact by a small object; commonly found in frontal & parietal bones & most common in children

A

Depressed/Linear Fx

63
Q

Represents a variation of the depressed fracture & is seen most often in young children

A

Ping Pong Fx

64
Q

This fx is indicated by air/fluid levels in sphenoid sinus & pts complain of constantly swallowing something salty

A

Basilar fx

65
Q

Type of fx that represents a traumatic sutural separation, which is usually unilateral & seen most commonly in children

A

Diastatic Fx

66
Q

This is caused by a tear in the dura causing CSF to accumulate

A

Leptomeningeal Cyst

67
Q

Fx that results from a blow by a fist or a ball directly over the globe of the eye; assoc. w/ the Drop Sign

A

Orbital blowout Fx

68
Q

A fracture through the zygomatic arch, maxillary process, & the frontal process

A

Tripod fx

69
Q

Nasal fxs typically have what type of orientation?

A

Transverse

70
Q

What do all types of LeFort fxs ultimately transect?

A

pterygoid process

71
Q

Type I LeFort fx is AKA?

A

Floating Palate

72
Q

This type of LeFort Fx is AKA Craniofacial Disassociation; it’s a separation of the facial bones from the skull

A

Type III

73
Q

This type of LeFort fx is in the shape of a pyramid

A

Type II

74
Q

Type of fracture that is caused by repetitive stress, causing gradual formation of microfractures & eventually an interruption in the bone structure at a greater rate than ca be offset by the reparative process

A

Stress Fracture

75
Q

A type of stress fracture that is caused by abnormal stress involving normal bone

A

Fatigue fracture

76
Q

A type of stress fracture caused by normal stress involving abnormal bone

A

Insufficiency fracture

77
Q

Two most common locations for occult fractures

A

Scaphoid & ribs

78
Q

This type of Fx orientation runs at a right angle to the long axis of a bone

A

Transverse Fx

79
Q

This type of fracture orientation runs approx. 45deg to the long axis of the bone; common in the shaft of a long tubular bone

A

Oblique Fx

80
Q

Torsion, coupled w/ axial compression & angulation creates this type of Fx orientation

A

Spiral Fx

81
Q

This is concerned w/ closeness of the bony fragments in a fx

A

Apposition

82
Q

This is due to ischemia of the muscles followed by fibrosis; most common following supracondylar fx of humerus

A

Volkmans Ischemic Contracture

83
Q

Occasionally following trauma to soft tissues, an enlarging painful mass develops

A

Myositis Ossificans

84
Q

Type of skull fx that typically results from impact by a small object; commonly found in frontal & parietal bones & most common in children

A

Depressed/Linear Fx

85
Q

Represents a variation of the depressed fracture & is seen most often in young children

A

Ping Pong Fx

86
Q

This fx is indicated by air/fluid levels in sphenoid sinus & pts complain of constantly swallowing something salty

A

Basilar fx

87
Q

Type of fx that represents a traumatic sutural separation, which is usually unilateral & seen most commonly in children

A

Diastatic Fx

88
Q

This is caused by a tear in the dura causing CSF to accumulate

A

Leptomeningeal Cyst

89
Q

Fx that results from a blow by a fist or a ball directly over the globe of the eye; assoc. w/ the Drop Sign

A

Orbital blowout Fx

90
Q

Nasal fxs typically have what type of orientation?

A

Transverse

91
Q

Most common fx of the atlas; usually a bilateral vertical fracture through the neural arch; occurs as a result of the posterior arch of the atlas being compressed b/w the occiput & the large posterior arch of the axis during severe hypertension; Stable

A

Poster arch fx of atlas

92
Q

This fx is usually the result of MVA; bilateral fractures located just anterior the inferior facets of C2; Unstable

A

Hangman’s Fx AKA Traumatic spondylolisthesis

93
Q

Avulsion of a triangular-shaped fragment from the anterior inferior vertebral body margin caused by acute hyperextension; stable

A

Extension teardrop fx

94
Q

Commonly missed fx; M/C occurs at C4-C7; caused mainly by compression forces; Horizontal Facet Sign; Unstable

A

Articular Pillar/Facet Fx

95
Q

Comminuted fx involving both the posterior & anterior arches caused by a blow on the vertex transmitting forces through the occipital condyles; Overlap sign; stable

A

Jefferson Fx AKA Bursting Fx of the atlas

96
Q

Nucleus pulposus implodes through the superior endplate of the vertebra causing a comminuted fx; usually unstable

A

Burst fx

97
Q

Specific form of the burst fx caused by combination of flexion & compressive forces; avulsed teardrop fragment; Unstable

A

Flexion Teardrop Fx

98
Q

Fx that occurs as a result of mechanical compression of the involved vertebra b/w the adjacent vertebral bodies from forced hyperflexion; Stable

A

Simple Wedge Fx AKA Compression Fx

99
Q

Avulsion injury of the spinous process by sudden force (abrupt flexion) placed on the ; ligamentum nuchae; Stable; Double spinous process sign

A

Clay-Shoveler’s Fx

100
Q

Combination of distraction & flexion forces which causes a disruption of capsular & posterior ligaments; unstable

A

Hyperflexion Strain/Sprain AKA traumatic anterior subluxation

101
Q

Severe hyperflexion & distraction injury that is M/C at C4-C7 primarily involving soft tissue; unstable

A

Bilateral Facet Dislocation

102
Q

Impingement on the spinal cord occurs in isolated rupture of the transverse ligament with an intact odontoid process

A

Guillotine Effect

103
Q

An avulsion fx of the tip of the odontoid process as a result of apical or alar ligament stress; usually forms an oblique fx line; stable

A

Type I Odontoid Process Fx (Anderson & d”Alonzo)

104
Q

A fx at the junction of the odontoid process & the body of the axis. Often complicated by nonunion; unstable

A

Type II Odontoid Process fx

105
Q

Oblique fx at the base of the odontoid process that extends into the body; disruption of the ring of the axis;stable

A

Type III Odontoid Process fx

106
Q

Injury caused by a flexion-rotation force. Gives bow-tie or butterfly appearance on lateral view

A

Unilateral Facet dislocation

107
Q

Theses fxs occur in the mid & lower C-spine, readily depicted on CT, usually secondary to hyperextension

A

Lamina Fx

108
Q

Uncommon fx of C-spine, commonly caused by lateral flexion, common at C7, usually located at its junction with the pedicle

A

Transverse Process Fx

109
Q

Unique condition of the upper cervical complex that is frequently undiagnosed & poorly understood; patient exhibits torticollis, head in “cock robin position”

A

Rotary Atlantoaxial Fixation

110
Q

A deformity that represents the anteriorly displaced corner of the superior vertebral cortex; fragment of bone

A

Step Defect

111
Q

Anterior depression of the vertebral body occurs in compression fx creating this deformity

A

Wedge deformity

112
Q

A band of radiopacity may be seen just below the vertebral endplate that has been fx

A

Zone of impaction

113
Q

Excessive amounts of small or large bowel gas in a slightly distended lumen indicates what?

A

Abdominal Ileus

114
Q

A mechanical ileus is caused by what?

A

Bowel obstruction by an object

115
Q

An adynamic ileus is caused by what?

A

Decreased peristalsis b/c of an innervation problem

116
Q

A specific form of compression fx of the vertebral body whereina a posterosuperior fragment is displaced into the spinal canal

A

Lumbar Burst Fx

117
Q

Second most common fx of the lumbar spine; Occur from avulsion of the paraspinal muscles, usually secondary to a severe hyperextension & lateral flexion blow to the lumbar spine

A

Transverse Process Fx

118
Q

Horizontal splitting of the spine & neural arch, ending in an upward curve that usually reaches the upper surface of the body just in front of the neural foramen

A

Seat Belt AKA Chance Fx AKA Lap Belt Fx AKA Fulcrum Fx

119
Q

Separation of the posterior vertebral body ring apophysis; usually has a Schmorl’s Node assoc. w/ it

A

Posterior Apophyseal Ring Fx

120
Q

An injury response peculiar to the clavicle is bone resorption of the distal segment, usually 1-3mm, & never more than 2-3cm

A

Post-traumatic Osteolysis

121
Q

Compression fx from humerus being shoved into glenoid after ant. dislocation

A

Hill-Sachs deformity

122
Q

Humeral head hits the pos. rim of glenoid during a pos. shoulder dislocation

A

Trough Sign

123
Q

Similar to Hill-Sachs, just on inferior side of humeral head

A

Bankart’s lesion

124
Q

Rounded cystic appearance to humeral head, caused by internal rotation

A

Racquet Sign

125
Q

Type of AC sprain where the AC lig. is stretched but not disrupted, & the coracoclavicular lig. is intact

A

Type I (Mild sprain)

126
Q

Type of AC sprain where the AC lig. is torn & the coracoclavicular ligs. are stretched but intact

A

Type II (moderate sprain)

127
Q

Type of AC sprain where the AC lig. & cora coclavicular ligs are completely disrupted

A

Type III (Severe sprain)

128
Q

Fx of the iliac wing caused by a direct force from a lateral direction. Best seen on an oblique view

A

Duverney’s Fx

129
Q

An ipsilateral double vertical fx of the sup. pubic ramus & the ischiopubic ramus, w/ fx or dislocation of the SI joint

A

Malgaigne’s Fx

130
Q

Fx through the sup. pubic ramus & ischiopubic junction on the side opposite the oblique for of impact to the pelvis

A

Bucket-Handle Fx

131
Q

M/C type of unstable fx of the pelvis. Double vertical fx that involves both superior pubic rami & ischiopubic junctions bilaterally

A

Straddle Fx

132
Q

Complete separation of the symphysis pubis & one or both of the SI joints

A

Sprung Pelvis AKA Open Book fx

133
Q

Type of acetabular fx that ususally occurs after a blow to the knee while the leg is in flexion & adduction

A

Posterior Rim Fx (Dashboard Fx)

134
Q

Type of acetabular fx that divides the innominate bone into sup. & inf. halves. M/C type of acetabular fx

A

Central Acetabular Fx ( Explosion Fx)

135
Q

A curvilinear line is constructed along the under-surface of the femoral neck & is continued across the joint to the inf. margin of the sup. pubic ramus

A

Shenton’s Line

136
Q

A line is drawn through & parallel to the axis of the femoral shaft. A second line is constructed at right angles to the shaft line & tangential to the tip of the greater trochanter. The relationship of the fovea capitis to this trochanteric line is assessed.

A

Skinner’s Line

137
Q

Two lines are drawn through & parallel to the mid-axis of the femoral shaft & femoral neck. Determines coxa cera/coxa valgus

A

Femoral Angle Line

138
Q

Results from the impact of the femoral condyles being forced into the weaker tibial plateau.

A

Tibial Plateau Fx AKA Fender or Bumper Fx

Skeletal Rad (5 decks)

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