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IR EAST ASIA > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Nation

A
  1. social group/ organisation/ community of people bound together
  2. collective identity based on shared common social characteristics - such as history, culture, language, traditions (not generally biological and genetic)
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2
Q

Country

A
  1. geographical territory defined by internationally recognised borders
  2. sovereign government
  3. rule of law for domestic governance
  4. recognised by other sovereign states
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3
Q

State

A
  1. political entity/ institution that governs a country
  2. enforcing legal jurisdiction over the territory of the country
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4
Q

Sovereignty

A
  1. Latin “superanus”/ French “souverainete,” - “supreme power” in English
  2. ultimate authority in the decision making process
  3. jurisdiction over domestic institutions
  4. independence from the pressures and involvement of foreign state actors in internal affairs
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5
Q

Investiture bestowal

A
  1. form of tribute in the Chinese tributary system
  2. ruler bestowed with noble titles by the Chinese emperor
  3. nominal independence
  4. subordinate of the Chinese emperor
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6
Q

Emperor in the tributary system

A
  1. ruler of “All Under the Heaven” / “Son of Heaven,” Central Country to whom, in theory all the people of the world were to pay tribute
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7
Q

Republic of Formosa

A
  1. Portuguese “beautiful”
  2. cession by Qing dynasty to Empire of Japan
  3. Treaty of Shimonoseki
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8
Q

Tributary system

A
  1. Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC- 771 BC)
  2. unification of Chinese culture
  3. non-military deal-making
  4. ideology of Sinocentrism
  5. subordination to Chinese emperor
  6. investiture bestowal
  7. tribute - envoys - strategic materials and exotic jewels
  8. China: regional peace, domestic legitimacy
  9. tributary: economic benefits (trade opportunities), stability, local legitimacy
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9
Q

Relapsing Tributary

A

(Japan) Alternating severance and reestablishment of tributary relations - wanted trade but not to recognise the Chinese emperor as superior to them

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10
Q

Superficial Tributary Relations

A

“Emperor at Home, King Abroad” - cheated Chinese Emperor that they recognised his superiority

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11
Q

Fake tributary relations

A

Foreign merchants “envoys” - trade in the name of tribute

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12
Q

Sino-Barbarian Switch

A
  1. Mongol Yuan and Manchu Qing Dynasties
  2. Korea, Japan “true China”
  3. loss of Chinese civilisation
  4. Japan - uninterrupted imperial lineage - WW2 invasions of Korea and China
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13
Q

Self Strengthening Movement

A

1861 - Defeat in Second Opium War, Treaty of Tianjin, Taiping Rebellion - exposed military and technological backwardness

  1. economic and industrial modernization - Westernised navy through military purchases
  2. Wei Yuan: “using barbarians against barbarians”
  3. Li Hongzhang - Foreign language training and engineering techniques
  4. Prince Gong - open up to the outside world
  5. “Chinese civil and military systems are superior than the West except firearms, which are far inferior”
  6. “Chinese Learning as Substance, Western Learning as Application”
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14
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

1868
1. Shogunate (warrior class) military administration abolished
2. reinstated: emperor, imperial power, and Parliamentary system
3. equal status for all nationals
4. army of peasants
5. unification of financial system
6. industrialisation, import of advanced technology, railways, education
7. “revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”

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15
Q

“Leaving Asia”

A
  1. 1885 - Fukuzawa Yukichi
  2. Spiritual dissociation from Asia - Meiji Restoration
  3. Existing civilisations in East Asia need reforming through modernisation - avoid conquering and division by external forces
  4. China, Korea not reforming
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16
Q

Hundred Day Reform

A
  1. 1898 - Defeat in Sino-Japanese War, Failure of Self Strengthening Movement
  2. Institutional reform in politics and society - Reformists (Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong, Liang Qichao)
  3. Reformist plot to overthrow empress dowager Cixi
  4. Japanese (Meiji Restoration) and Western (opening up of trade/ borders to foreigners) support
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17
Q

Gabo Reform

A
  1. 1894-6 Gojong Korea - response to Donghak Peasant Revolution
  2. Westernisation and modernisation - enlightenment faction military and state officials
  3. Reforms: politics, economy, military, law, society - Japanese influence (Meiji Restoration) ?
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18
Q

Shandong Problem

A
  1. Qingdao, Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Peninsula
  2. 1898 Leased to Germany
  3. 1914 Attack by Japan and Britain - Japanese occupation
  4. Chinese support for Allies - return of Shandong Peninsula (birth of Confucianism)
  5. 1915 PM Yuan Shikai agrees to 13 Japanese demands - Japanese control of former German holdings
  6. 1917 China declared war against Germany and Austria-Hungarian empire
  7. 1918 Premier secretly accepted transfer of payments from Japan
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19
Q

Fourteen Points Principle

A
  1. 1918 Woodrow Wilson
  2. Self determination for people of defeated empires (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman)
  3. Restoration of sovereignty for countries annexed by defeated countries (Belgium, Poland, Serbia)
  4. Overall: trade equality, ending secret treaties and alliances, freedom of seas, establishment of League of Nations
  5. Treaty of Versailles - Shandong (China) Germany > Japan
  6. China (x) domestic pressure
  7. US (v) - (x) ratified by Congress
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20
Q

March First Movement in Korea

A
  1. 1/3/1919 (sam-il movement)- local (~Seoul) + diaspora
  2. 33 cultural and religious leaders - “Proclamation of Independence”
  3. Late emperor’s commemoration day
  4. Protests against Japanese colonial rule for Korean independence
  5. 2,000,000 - 7,000 killed by Japanese police and soldiers
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21
Q

May Fourth Movement China

A
  1. 4/5/1919 students - Paris Peace Conference
  2. Cultural, anti-imperialist political movement
  3. Tiananmen Square protest against weak government response to Treaty of Versailles - Shandong Peninsula transfer to Japan
  4. Chinese nationalism, political mobilisation - traditional culture > populist politics
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22
Q

Mukden Incident

A
  1. 1931 Japanese pretext for invasion of Manchuria
  2. Unilateral action by the Japanese army
  3. Detonated section of railway (owned by Japan’s South Manchuria Railway) near Mukden (Shenyang)
  4. Blamed Chinese dissidents
  5. Full invasion and occupation of Manchuria > Manchuko (puppet state)
  6. Led to Japanese withdrawal from League of Nations
    + First step towards Japanese imperial over-expansion
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23
Q

Kuomintang

A
  1. KMT/ GMD - Chinese Nationalist revolutionary force (South China)
  2. Supported by Soviet Union - eliminate warlords, unify China
  3. Origin: Revive China Society Sun Yat-Sen 1894 Honolulu
  4. 1911 Qing Dynasty collapse, ROC established
  5. Nominally unified China - equal standing with foreign powers
  6. Restored custom sovereignty (concessions, leased territories)
24
Q

Huanggutun Incident

A
  1. 4/6/1928 // Zhang Zuolin Explosion - Assassination of Zhang Zoulin (Generalissimo of Military Government of China)
  2. Organised by: Colonel Komoto, Japanese Kwantung Army (unilateral)
  3. Aim: installing pro-Japanese leader in Manchuria
25
Q

Wanpaoshan Incident

A
  1. 1931 Manchuria - Korean immigrant peasants (under Japanese rule) tried to build a ditch across land of local Chinese peasants
  2. Chinese government intervention
  3. Japanese counter-intervention - continue work
  4. China forcibly refilled ditch - attacked by Japanese police
  5. Anti-China riots in Korea- “slaughter of Korean immigrants by Chinese”
26
Q

Hongkou Park Incident

A
  1. 1932 Chinese plot against Japanese occupation of Manchuria
  2. Yun Bong-il (Korean government in exile in Shanghai) - proclaim determination for national independence
  3. Yun killed Japanese army commander Yoshinori
27
Q

December 9th Movement, 1935

A
  1. KMT - CCP Civil War, economic build up - acquiesced to Japanese occupation of Manchuria
  2. Student movement - cessation of civil war, resistance against Japanese aggression
28
Q

Xi’an Incident, 1936

A
  1. General Zhang Xueliang detained KMT leader Chiang Kai-Shek / forces to agree to stop attacking CCP, resist Japanese
  2. Saved CCP from elimination
29
Q

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

A
  1. 7/7/1937 - Japanese army Beijing suburb (Boxer Protocol, 1901)
  2. Demanded search of town for missing soldier - refused - attacked
  3. Japanese intention: control Northern China - forestall unified military resistance
  4. Chinese reaction: full-scale war (Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937-45)
30
Q

Nanjing Massacre / Rape of Nanking

A
  1. 13/12/1937 - Japanese occupation of Nanjing (capital, ROC) after capturing Shanghai in November
  2. Systemic killing and rape for six weeks - killing contest - Chinese National Revolutionary Army withdrew (could not defend Nanjing) - 200,000 killed
31
Q

Yalta Conference 1945

A
  1. Prelude of Cold War: disputes over post-war Europe
  2. Soviet Union agreed to join the war against Japan three months after Germany’s surrender
  3. US-USSR agreement: USSR recovery of pre-1904 territories and interests in Manchuria
32
Q

Tokyo Trial

A

International Military Tribunal for Far East (1946-48) - 11 countries (against Japan) - prosecutors, judges
7 defendants sentenced to death by hanging

Class A: Crimes against peace - top leaders - plan and directed invasion
Class B: - Conventional war crimes - violations of war, massacre of civilians
Class C: Crimes against humanity - systemic violence and enslavement of civilian populations

33
Q

Jeju 3rd Uprising

A
  1. 11/1947 UN resolution - elections across the Korean Peninsula, withdrawal of foreign forces
  2. USSR rejected - (?) guarantee of genuine election
  3. Elections only in the South (~permanent division)

2/1948 Protests
1. Communists killed rightist activists and police officers
2. Revenge by soldiers and police - massacre of civilians
3. 17,343 killed (86% by government forces, 14% by Communists)

34
Q

Chinese People’s Volunteers (CPV)

A
  1. 19/10/1950 Armed forces deployed by PRC
  2. Ideological alliance based on national security
  3. Crossed Yalu river (NK) - surprise attack against UN troops
  4. Misled actual scale of involvement (camouflage, withdrew into mountains)
  5. Slogan: “Resist America, Aid Korea, Protect Home and Nation”
  6. Separate constitution of PLA to avoid war with U.S.
  7. Domestic propaganda - U.S. attack on Chinese cities along Sino-Korean border (slogan justification domestically)
35
Q

“Construction First, Unification Later”

A
  1. SK Park Chung Hee (3rd President 1962-79)
  2. Japanese compensation - investment - economic development > faster normalisation of relations
36
Q

Sino-Soviet Split

A
  1. Late 1950s, 1960s Decline in PRC-USSR relations
  2. Stalin’s death in 1953 - Mao as “real successor of global Communism and interpreter of Marxist-Leninism”
  3. Diverging interpretations of Marxist-Leninist theory
  4. Khrushchev denounces Stalinism - Mao promotes own cult of personality - distances PRC from USSR > West
  5. 1960 Khrushchev withdraws all economic aid to PRC
  6. 10/64 Khrushchev removed from power - China sends delegation to negotiate normalization of relations
  7. reception - “USSR removed Khrushchev, PRC should remove Mao”
  8. Cultural Revolution (1966~) required tensions with USSR
37
Q

August Faction Incident

A

1956 // Second Arduous March (coup d’état) - attempted removal of Kim Il-Sung by (2) (3)

USSR, PRC joint mediation delegation (Anastas Mikoyan, Peng Dehuai)

Background: Factions in NK
(1) Manchuria F: Korean communists guerrilla warfare in Manchuria - part USSR
(2) Yan’an F: Korean communists in China proper - Communist China
(3) Soviet F: Koreans born in USSR - USSR
(4) Southern F: Korean communists guerrilla struggle SK (after 45)

38
Q

Cultural Revolution

A
  1. 1966-76 (death) Mao Zhedong // Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution
  2. Slogan: “Beat the American Imperialists with one band and beat the Soviet Revisionists with the other”
  3. Aim: Preservation of communism, purge power struggle between Maoists and pragmatists
  4. Target: Capitalist roaders
  5. 1968 USSR invaded Czechoslovakia - crackdown democratic movement
39
Q

The Nixon Shock

A
  1. Kissinger’s visit to PRC - “Nixon Shock” - pressures to reduce foreign policies
  2. 7/72 new PM Tanaka - Japan announce independent foreign policy away from US
40
Q

Hallstein Doctrine

A
  1. 1955 West Germany government = sole legitimate government for whole of Germany
  2. Policy agreement - West Germany would not enter diplomatic relations with states recognising East Germany (except USSR)
  3. ~One China Policy
  4. Replaced by Ostopolitik “new eastern politics” 1970
41
Q

Yangoon (Myanmar) Incident

A
  1. 10/1983 Chun Doo-Hwan visits Asia, Africa - promote Seoul Olympics
  2. NK attempts assassination - contain expansion of SK international influence
42
Q

Socialist Modernisation

A

Post-Mao reform in China
+ Command economy > market economy
+ SEZs, opened cities - foreign investment
+ ^foreign engagement - security, economic needs
+ 1-party dictatorship - capitalist aspects

43
Q

Sino-US Honeymoon

A

1/1/1979-89 Formal diplomatic relations (Tiananmen Square protests and massacre)
+ Deng Xiaoping - US (1/79)
+ US - China - intelligence support against potential USSR aggression, financial aid, accepted Chinese students
+ Welcomed economic reforms ~> political reforms

44
Q

Sino-Japanese Honeymoon

A
  1. Japanese aid to China > US aid - part of compensation for invasion
  2. Chinese development ^Japanese consumer goods growth (buying power ~ economic growth)
  3. ^Nationalist sentiments
  4. Japan right-wing: negate history of invasion
  5. China: communism > nationalism ~ regime legitimacy
  6. Past invasion resurfaced - bilateral relations
45
Q

Glasnost Reform

A
  1. Gorbachev (political slogan) - openness, transparency - within framework of perestroika
  2. Perestroika: restructuring political economy - end era of stagnation
  3. Aim: humane, democratic socialism open to foreign investment (Moscow Switches Sides - NK > SK - $3B investment)
  4. Policy of maximum openness in activities of state institutions
  5. Freedom of information: speech, media
  6. Inadmissibility of covering up state problems
46
Q

Brezhnev Doctrine

A

// Theories on Limited Sovereignty
1. USSR policy - threat to socialist rule in any Socialist state in Soviet Bloc - collective threat
2. Justified intervention of fellow socialist states
(USSR-led occupation of Czechoslovakia 1968 - overthrow of reformist government)
3. “socialism” - communist control by parties loyal to Kremlin

“sovereignty of socialist countries are limited; if a socialist country betrays the socialist path, other socialist countries have the right to militarily intervene”

47
Q

Funeral Diplomacy

A

State funerals/ memorial services - opportunities for diplomatic discussion - strengthen/ negotiate international relationships

48
Q

Sunshine Policy

A
  1. 1998-2008 Kim Dae-Jung SK foreign policy - economic and cultural exchanges, political contact
  2. 1970s ^SK economy, vNK economy - parity - ^communication
  3. Business ventures (1998, Hyundai Groups founder Chung Ju-yung visit - 500 cows), media and cultural group visits, brief family meetings
  4. Evolving SK identity post Cold-War
  5. Lee Myung-bak (x) > vNK-SK relations - 2nd NK nuclear test

History: “North Wind and Sun” Aesop’s Fables - SK would refrain from posing military threat to NK, refrain from seeking annexation of NK, promote reconciliation and cooperation with NK
Why? If NK is free from military threats - economic cooperation benefits - undesirable to seek antagonism

49
Q

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

A
  1. Multilateral development bank and international financial institution - Beijing, China
  2. Aim: collective improvement of economic and social outcomes in Asia and Africa
50
Q

Belt and Road Initiative

A

2013 BRI // One Belt One Road // New Silk Road
+ Global infrastructure development strategy - invest in 150 countries and IOs
+ Exportation of excess capacity and technology infrastructure construction
+ Aim: economic and political gains
+ Scope: 6 urban development land corridors - road, rail, energy, digital infrastructure; Maritime Silk Road - linked by ports
+ Targets: Southeast Asia, South Asia (surrounding India), Middle East, Sun-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia
- Western Europe (?)
- Latin America - too far
+ Concerns: Neo-colonialism - development aid trap; waste of taxpayer’s money

51
Q

Sinocentrism

A

+ Assumption of Chinese superiority
+ Geographical separation from West and South Asia > distinct culture - “Chinese culture area” (not synonymous) in East Asia
+ Ideographic writing system
+ Confucian classical teachings
+ Family, social order
+ Official examination system
+ Monarchy, bureaucracy
+ Hierarchical (graded, concentric), anti-egalitarian

52
Q

Ping-Pong Diplomacy

A

Early 1971 - Exchanges between Beijing and Washington quiet - unsure on next steps in diplomacy - determining issues that should be discussed
- China: American military intervention in Taiwan
- US: Chinese reconfiguring that KMT had effective control over Taiwan - peaceful resolution
4/1971 Nagoya, Japan - 31st World Table Tennis Championships
+ Chinese “Ping-Pong Fever”
+ Zhuang Zedong - American Glenn Cowen - embroidered silk scarf - Beatles T-shirt “Let It Be”
+ Foreign Ministry invited the American team to visit China

53
Q

Organised hypocrisy

A

Inconsistencies between Logic of Expected Consequences (political actions and outcomes of institutions - rational behaviour - ^unexplained preferences) and Logic of Appropriateness (political actions as rules, roles, identities) leading to abandonment of norms in favour of expected consequences (maximising self-interest > specific circumstantial actions)

Power asymmetries - lack of international authority

+ China: compromised traditional Confucian practices to accommodate power of the West, Mongol cavalry, Muslim empire of Tamerlane, Tsarist Russia

+ Japan: Western encroachment - institutional reforms which would maximise Japanese interests: ideational, material

54
Q

Kaesong Industrial Complex

A
  1. NK wages < 10% SK wages, 50% PRC wages
  2. Kaesong (Family Mart) ~70 km from Seoul - SK firms benefit from lower expense, NK benefit from investment and export
  3. NK products ~domestic products - exempt from custom tariff
  4. Mt. Kumgang International Tourist Complex (1998) - SK tourist groups (2000) - Kaesong (2007-08 - SK shot to death by NK soldier)
55
Q

Unified Olympic Team

A
  1. initially attempted: 1991 World Table Tennis Championship, Chiba, Japan
  2. joint march under “KOREA” - 2000 Sydney, 2004 Athens - separate teams
  3. discontinued from 2008 (deterioration of bilateral relations and difficulty in Chinese language - distinct names, no “Korea”)

IR EAST ASIA (3 decks)

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