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Terms Flashcards

1
Q

quantitative

A 
to study relationships and cause-effect
deductive approach; tests theory
large samples
numerical data
narrow scope, statistical analysis, fixed
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2
Q

positivist (quan)

A

involves testing theories and hypotheses and generalizing findings to larger population
separate research from researcher
NEED MORE

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3
Q

behavioral research (quan)

A

study the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli

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4
Q

naturalistic (qual)

A

observes and records some behavior or phenomenon in its natural setting while interfering as little as possible

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5
Q

qualitative

A 
to examine a phenomenon in rich detail
inductive; generates theory
small sample
contextual data
broad scope, content analysis, flexible
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6
Q

ethnographic (qual)

A

involves an in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture or group

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7
Q

interpretive research

A

provides descriptive accounts
understand the world or experience of another
Attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them

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8
Q

internal validity (quan)

A

goes with credibility in qual
the extent to which changes in a DV are related directly and only to the targeted IV
happens with extraneous variables

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9
Q

Threats to Internal Validity (12)

A

history (unrelated events during study)
maturation (changes within participants)
testing effect (post test)
instrumentation (unreliable or change in instru)
regression (skewed data)
selection (not equal groups)
mortality (loss of participants)
selection-maturation (diff maturation rates in sample)
experimenter effect (unintentional bias or behavior)
subject effect (attitude effect)
diffusion (treatment group talks to control group)
location

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10
Q

credibility (qual)

A

goes with internal validity in quan
results are believable and trustworthy form the perspective of a participant or subject in the research itself
prolonged engagement, frequent obs, peer deb, triangulation, collect referential adequacy materials, member checks
after: corroboration, referential adequacy, member checks

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11
Q

treatment verification

A

confirmation/verification of IV
Reasons: determines analysis of findings and drawing conclusion, critical to valid interpretation of effects and estimation of generalizability, needed for relicability

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12
Q

aptitude-treatment interaction in designs

A

???concept that some instructional strategies (treatments) are more or less effective for particular individuals depending upon their specific abilities

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13
Q

aptitude-treatment interaction in analyses

A

???should coordinate instructional materials and methods with students’ specific learning characteristics to maximize learning

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14
Q

random sampling vs random selection vs random assignment

A

sampling: implies that every member of a pop has an equal and indep chance of being selected to participate in the sample
selection: how you draw the sample from pop (external validity)
assignment: how you assign the sample to diff groups or treatments in the study (internal validity)

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15
Q

systematic sampling

A

population in list, pick each k-th element

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16
Q

convenience sampling

A

non-probability sampling
willing and available
selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher

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17
Q

purposive sampling

A

(judgmental sample) subjects selected bc of some characteristic for the purpose of the study
Ex: pick 2 of 10 schools bc think the 2 represent typical adolescent Americans

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18
Q

external validity (quan)

A

goes with trans in qual

extent to which the results of study can be generalized (apply findings to population)

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19
Q

transferability (qual)

A

goes with external validity in quan

degree to which the results of qual can be generalized or transferred to other contexts or settings

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20
Q

ecological validity

A

To what extent will the same findings be obtained under other experimental settings (environmental conditions) or other experimental treatments?

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21
Q

population validity

A

To what extent can I apply my results to the targeted population?

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22
Q

reliability (quan)

A

degree of consistency with which it measures whatever it is measuring
goes with dependability in qual
low reliability = high variance
obs score = true score + error
more reliable = less error
consistency or stability of measurement
How well does the instrument measure accurately and consistently?
Can our measure (or other form of observation) be confirmed by further measurements or obser

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23
Q

internal consistency reliability

A

used to assess the consistency of results across items within the test
a measure of reliability used to evaluate the degree to which different test items that probe the same construct produce similar results

24
Q

inter-rater reliability (inter-scorer)

A

a measure of reliability used to assess the degree to which different raters agree in their assessment decisions

25
Q

validity (quan)

A

goes with confirmability in qual
valid = unbiased
knowing if the inferences we make about the relationship between the targeted variables are valid
measures what it claims to measure

26
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which the test’s items represent the entire body of content that the test is designed to measure
How adequately do the test items represent the entire body of content the test user intends to make inferences about?
Also deals with formatting: clarity of printing, type size, clarity of directions, adequate work space, etc

27
Q

criterion validity

A

relationship between scores from one instrument and scores obtained from another instrument or measure
compares test score and an outcome
example: SAT score and GPA
Types: Predictive and Concurrent

28
Q

construct validity

A

how well the scale measures the construct it was designed to measure (test is measuring what it is supposed to measure)
example: math test tests reading ability instead of math skills

29
Q

parallel-forms reliability

A

used to assess the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain

30
Q

stability (test-retest reliability)

A

used to assess the consistency of a measure from one time to another on same test
measure of steadiness or sameness of scores over time

31
Q

dependability (qual)

A

goes with reliability in quantitative
if research repeated you would get the same thing
the stability or consistency of the inquiry processes used over time
Careless mistakes in collecting the data?
keep an audit to share for your research
based on assumption of repeatability (but not possible in qual… only qual)

32
Q

confirmability (qual)

A

goes with validity in quantitative
degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others
keep data audit that shows data collection and analysis procedures and makes judgments about the potential for bias or distortion

33
Q

sampling unit

A

element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling

34
Q

unit of replication

A

??? unit (usually class or student) where study is replicated

35
Q

unit of analysis

A 
the level from which you collect and analyze the data (students, teachers, parents, organizations, etc)
function of the research questions or hyp you seek to answer or test
36
Q

content analysis (both qual and quan)

A

word frequencies, space measurements, etc
Quan= perform as methodology or used to supplement data in anaylsis
Qual= used to gather numerical data. Content analysis used as way to analyze data

37
Q

validity of instrument

A

does the instrument measure what it claims to measure?

interpretation and meaning of the scores derived from the instrument

38
Q

reliability of instrument

A

consistency in respondents’ responses
How to help: Have more than one interviewer interview, repetitive questions, and repeat interview or questions after some time

39
Q

secondary data analysis

A

use of data that was collected by someone else for some other purpose

40
Q

replication studies

A

repeating a study using the same methods but with different subjects and experimenters

41
Q

replication-and-extension studies

A

combine results from prior studies with results from a new study specifically designed to replicate and extend the results of the prior studies

42
Q

meta-analysis (for synthesizing research)

A

statistical technique that combines effectsize compare findings of a LARGE number of studies and attempt to identify commonalties

43
Q

descriptive research

A

measure of status, rather than prediction
describe “what exists”
gather data that describes events and then organize, tabulate, depict, and describe data
Often uses visual aids

44
Q

survey research

A

participants answer questions administered through interview or questionnaires longitudinal (same pop at diff times) or cross-sectional (diff pop at same time)

45
Q

observational research

A

observe human and animal behavior

naturalistic: observe in natural enviro
laboratory: more control, less time consuming

46
Q

correlation research

A

attempts to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variables

47
Q

prediction research

A

if two variables correlate, use one variable to predict the other; higher the correlation, the more accurate the prediction

48
Q

ex post facto (causal-comparative research)

A

research to determine the cause for existing differences in groups of individuals
IV already occurred and, therefore, can’t be manipulated

49
Q

Ex post facto: Effects type design (Proactive)

A

focus on examining a presumed cause of some effect
Are groups formed bc of presumed cause?
Does group membership have an effect on DV?
Grouping is on the IV
2 to 1

50
Q

Ex post facto: Cause type design (Retroactive)

A

Try to identify possible cause of group membership
What are the possible causes that led to group membership?
Grouping on DV
1 to 2

51
Q

experimental research

A

an attempt to maintain control over all factors that may affect the result of an experiment then tries to predict what will occur
Control, manipulation, and observation and measurement

52
Q

pre-experimental research

A

(weak) lack threats to internal validity

53
Q

true experimental research

A

control major threats to internal validity
randomly assigned
highly recommended for education

54
Q

quasi-experimental research

A 
use existing groups
equivalent groups
no random assignment (susceptible to internal and external validity)
CANNOT intervene or change groups
commonly used in education
55
Q

ethical principles in human subjects research (6)

A
  • Protect participants
  • Ensure confidentiality and anonymity
  • Deception?
  • Research with children- informed consent by parents, do not pretend to be diagnostic or counselors, don’t coerce children to participate
  • Informed consent
  • Regulation of research (HHS dept and FIT Institutional Review Board)
56
Q

Descriptive and Vote Count Methods for summarizing research

A

Descriptive= quantification (often frequency analysis) of body of research. Purpose- what extent does existing literature support or reveal interpretable pattern. Elaborate lit review
Vote counting= used for drawing qualitative inferences about a focal relationship. summarize results of studies with frequencies or votes. DOES NOT analyze effect size, uses outcomes of tests of hypotheses reported in individual studies

Research (2 decks)

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