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Biology external 2.5 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

difference in DNA sequences between individual organisms and populations.

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2
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

total of all the genetic variation within a population or species

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

unique sequence of DNA bases that code for a particular protein

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4
Q

What is a homologous chromosome?

A

a pair of chromosomes where one is inherited from mum (maternal) and one is inherited from dad (paternal)

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5
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative version of the same gene

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6
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

body cells which contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 autosomal, 1 sex chromosome

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7
Q

What is an autosomal chromosome?

A

Any of the chromosomes number 1-22

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8
Q

What is diploid?

A

2 sets of chromosomes, 2n, produced by mitosis, somatic cells, (double)

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9
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells, haploid

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10
Q

What is haploid?

A

1 set of chromosomes, n , produced by meiosis, gametes

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11
Q

What is a genotype?

A

set of alleles that code for a particular trait, TT, Tt

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12
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The physical feature of an organism, eye colour

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13
Q

Give an example of homozygous dominant

A

TT

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14
Q

Give an example of a heterozygous

A

Tt

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15
Q

Give an example of homozygous reccesive

A

tt

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16
Q

How do you get genetic variation?

A

Meiosis, Mutations, Mate selection, Random fertilization

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17
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A process of nuclear reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically unique cells. It occurs in sex organs ONLY and is used to produce gametes.

18
Q

What are the four phases of cell division?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase.

19
Q

What is a mutation?

A

permanent change in the base sequence of DNA

20
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

An agent that causes mutations. (radiation, virus)

21
Q

What is a gametic mutation?

A

can be inherited, form a new allele in sex cells, can be passed to off spring

22
Q

What is a somatic mutation?

A

cannot be inherited, form a new allele in body cells.

23
Q

What is incomplete dominance

A

one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele, results in an intermediate phenotype. neither allele is fully expressed

24
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

A single gene has more than one dominant allele: therefore a heterozygous individual will express the phenotypes associated with both alleles

25
Q

What does it mean when genes can have multiple alleles?

A

Genes can have more than two possible alleles at one locus

26
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

reproduction when only one parent is needed.

27
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

reproduction when two parents are needed and gametes are needed

28
Q

What is meiosis?

A

reduction division in which the chromsomes number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically unique cells. occurs in sex organs and is used to produce gametes.

29
Q

can gametic mutations be inherited?

A

yes. occur during DNA relpication

30
Q

can somatic mutations be inherited?

A

NO. may affect individual during their lifetime

31
Q

dihybrid inheritance

A

considering the inheritance of two genes at the same time

32
Q

what is allele frequency?

A

the frequency that a particular allele occurs in the population

33
Q

name some factors that can affect allele frequency in gene pool

A

natural selection, mutations, migration, genetic drift

34
Q

evolution

A

process by which populations chnage over time, typically as a result of a change in he enviroment

35
Q

fitness

A

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce, thus passing successful alleles to the next generation

36
Q

gene flow

A

movement of genetic information from one population to another

37
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

38
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

39
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency within a population from generation to generation, due to chance rather than selection pressure

40
Q

founder effect

A

occurs when a small number of individuals establish a new population by emigrating to a new isolated location, or become separated from the original by geographic barriers

41
Q

bottleneck effect

A

occurs when a population undergoes a sudden reduction in size, and few individuals remain

42
Q
A

Biology external 2.5 (1 decks)

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