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1
Q

Psychology Student Syndrome

A

Psychology students studying abnormal behavior can also become convinced that they have some mental disorder

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2
Q

Abnormal Psychology

A

The scientific study of abnormal behavior undertaken to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

  • Defining what is “normal” and “abnormal” is a subject of much debate
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3
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

The applied field of psychology that seeks to assess, understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice

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4
Q

Psychologist

A

Can’t prescribe meds, supports people through psychotherapy

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5
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Can prescribe meds, identify disorders, generally works inside hospitals

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6
Q

Psychopathology

A

Scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences

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7
Q

Etiology

A

Study and investigation into the root causes of a psychological disorder

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8
Q

Normal vs. Abnormal

A

Defining what is “normal” and “abnormal” is a subject of much debate

  • Definitions of normality vary widely by person, time, place, culture, and situation
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9
Q

Deviant

A

Abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions that differ markedly from a society’s ideas about proper functioning

  • Different, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre
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10
Q

Distress

A

The person reports feeling pain and discomfort associated with their emotions, thoughts, or behaviors

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11
Q

Dysfunctional

A

Interfering with the ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way

  • People can’t care for themselves, participate in ordinary social interactions or work productively
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12
Q

Danger

A

Abnormal behavior becomes dangerous to oneself or others

  • Individuals behavior is consistently careless, hostile, or confused may be placing themselves or those around them at risk
  • This is the exception rather than the rule
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13
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

Manual that lists 541 diagnoses, most widely used classification system

Published by American Psychiatric Association in 2013, Continues to change & evolve

  • Production was a 12-year undertaking, it cost the APA $25 million to produce
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14
Q

Diagnostic Labels

A

(+) Help health care professionals when communicating about establishing therapy and causes

(-) David Rosenhan (1973), once labeled, the label itself can determine not only how professionals perceive and react to a person but also how the labeled persons themselves will begin to act differently

  • Self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Stigma
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15
Q

Insanity

A

Legal term pertaining to a defendant’s ability to determine right from wrong when a crime is committed

  • Concept discussed in court to help distinguish guilt from innocence
  • There’s not “insane” diagnosis listed in the DSM
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16
Q

The M’Naghten Rule

A

Not guilty by reason of insanity is only tried in 1% of court cases

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17
Q

Model

A

Set of assumptions and concept that help scientists explain and interpret observations (synonym-paradigm)

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18
Q

Medical/Biological Models

A

View abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by the malfunctions parts of the organism, believe that the most effective treatments are biological ones

  • Includes genetics, chemical imbalances in the brain, the functioning of the nervous system, etc.
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19
Q

Psychodynamic Model

A

A person’s behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined largely by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware

  • The forces interact with one another, abnormal symptoms are result of conflict between forces
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20
Q

Behavioral Model

A

Believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life (response to environment)

  • Stimulus, response and reward influence abnormal behavior
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21
Q

Cognitive Model

A

Cognitive process are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions

  • Abnormal behavior is caused by faulty and irrational cognitions
  • Individuals can over come mental disorders by learning to use more appropriate cognitions
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22
Q

Eclectic Model

A

Broad-based approach, trusting a combination of established approaches to diagnose and treat individuals with psychological disorders

  • Most mental health professionals today to do not rely on one approach
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23
Q

Stigma

A

The societal disapproval and judgment of a person with mental illness because they do not fit their community’s social norms

Effects:

  • Refusal to receive treatment, Stigma deters people from seeking help
  • Social isolation, fear of “bringing them down” or “being a burden”
  • Distorted perception of incidence of mental illness, leads to fewer diagnoses and fewer people getting help
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24
Q

Trephining (Ancient Times)

A

Holes are drilled into a living person’s skull in order to release demonic spirits thought to be causing the person’s disordered behaviors

  • Human skulls from as far back as five thousand years ago show treatment of trepanning
  • Most people treated in this manner died
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25
Q

Hippocrates, Ancient Greek Physician 500 B.C

A

Believed that abnormal behavior was a disease arising from internal physical problems (imbalance of four fluids, or humors)

  • First recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process
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26
Q

Asylums

A

A type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders

  • Once the asylums started to overflow, they became virtual prisons where patients were held in filthy conditions and treated with unspeakable cruelty
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27
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

In the late 1700s, French Physician, argued for more human treatment of the mentally ill, brought reform in the way mental institutions would be run

  • Patients should be treated with sympathy and kindness rather than chains and beatings, Pinel unchained patients
  • Death rates for patients went from 60% to 10%
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28
Q

Dorothea DIx

A

School teacher who made humane care a public and political concern in the United States from 1841 to 1881

  • Dix’s campaign led to new laws and greater government funding to improve the treatment of people with mental disorders
  • Each state was responsible to develop mental hospitals or state hospitals
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29
Q

Psychopharmacology Revolution

A

Effective drugs for conditions like schizophrenia and depression were found in the 1950s by accident

  • The antipsychotic chlorpromazine was the first investigated as a drug that reduces allergies (sedative effects).
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30
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

When better psychotropic drugs were created this movement began to remove patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or the community from the mental hospitals

  • Patients improve rapidly in familiar community settings
  • In the 1960s Congress passed aid ills to establish community mental health facilities in the neighborhoods in the U.S.
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31
Q

Unintended consequences of deinstitutionalization

A
  • A large portion of the homeless population is considered to be mentally ill. Statistics show that 26% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
  • Families and communities have failed to meet the needs of these people
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32
Q

Preventing Disorders & Promoting Mental Health

A
  • Rather than wait for psychological disorders to occur, many of today’s community programs try to deter mental disorders before they can develop
  • Programs have grown in numbers with limited funding
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33
Q

Action A - Asses for risk of suicide or harm

A

A first aider should look for any crises and assist in dealing with them

  • A young person may harm themselves
  • A young person experiences extreme distress

Look for warning signs

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34
Q

Action L - Listen non judgmentally

A

When listening it is important to set aside any judgments made about the person or their situation and avoid expressing those judgments

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35
Q

Action G - Give reassurance & information

A

Reassurances includes emotional support, empathizing with how they feel, voicing hope, and offering practical help

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36
Q

Action E - Encourage appropriate professional help

A

A first aider might also be able to help a young person make and keep appointments or assist in accessing appropriate help

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37
Q

Action E - Encourage self-help and other support strategies

A

Encourage the support of their social network of family, friends, and others

  • Having good problem-solving skills
  • Having a healthy diet an good health practices (proper sleep, exercise, relaxation)
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38
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Psychologist or other trained professional working with an individual or group to identify a problem and develop situations. Usually that process involves a lot of talking and thinking

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39
Q

Confidentiality & The Law

A

Psychotherapists and psychiatrists are required by law to protect the confidentiality of their clients

  • Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), sets limits on the way patient or client information can be shared
  • Therapists can break confidentiality when people are a threat to themselves or others (also court orders)
40
Q

Behavior Therapy

A

The techniques used in this type of treatment are based on the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning

  • Goal is to extinguish unwanted behavior and replace it with more adaptive behavior
  • Behavioral therapy is action-based
41
Q

Exposure Treatments

A

Exposure therapy is a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger

42
Q

Flooding

A

Exposing people to fear-invoking objects or situations intensely and rapidly

  • It is often used to treat phobias. During the process, the individual is prevented from escaping or avoiding the situation
  • Phobia is a learned fear, and needs to be unlearned by exposure to the thing that you fear
43
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Developed by Joseph Wolpe, a client makes a list of fears and then learns to relax while concentrating on these fears

  • Client learns to practice deep relaxation
  • Client create hierarchy of anxieties (lowest to highest stimulus)
44
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Pairing an undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus in the hope that the unwanted behavior will eventually be reduced

  • Unpleasant consequence will eventually stop the behavior
  • Aversion therapy & flooding could be harmful if done carelessly
45
Q

Token Economy

A

Behavioral strategy relies on reinforcement to modify behavior. Clients are allowed to earn tokens that can be exchanged for special privileges or desired items

  • Tokens: Items include poker chips, stickers, point tallies, or play money
  • Examples of typical target behaviors include self-care, medication adherence, work skills, and treatment participation
46
Q

Biofeedback

A

Mind-body technique that involves using visual or auditory feedback to gain control over involuntary bodily functions

  • Biofeedback is particularly useful for managing stress as well as symptoms of conditions that may be exacerbated by stress
47
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists

A

Human emotions and behavior are predominantly generated by ideas, beliefs, attitudes and thinking

  • All of our feelings come from our thoughts
  • Almost all negative feelings come from distorted thoughts
  • We have automatic thoughts that come into our head with little to no effort
48
Q

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A

Developed in thee 1950’s by Albert Ellis, psychological problems arise when thoughts are irrational and lead to behavioral consequences that are distressful

  • Restructuring, bring client’s attention to unrealistic thoughts
49
Q

Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

A

Researched by Aaron Beck, based on the idea how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together all interact together

  • You will learn skills that help you change your thinking patterns so they are more accurate with respect to a given situation
50
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Groups of disabilities in the functioning of the brain that emerge at birth or during very early childhood and affect the individual’s behavior, memory, concentration and/or ability to learn

51
Q

ADHD

A

Disorder marked by inability to focus attention, or overactive and impulsive behavior, or both

  • ADHD is a difficult disorder to assess properly
52
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Disorder marked by extreme unresponsiveness to others, severe communication deficits, and highly repetitive and rigid behaviors, interests, and activities

53
Q

Intellectual Disability (ID)

A

Disorder marked by intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that are well below average

  • Previously called mental retardation
  • Low IQ score of 70 or below
54
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders

A

Group of disorders in which the primary problem is in cognitive function, impairments in cognitive abilities such as memory, problem solving, and perception

55
Q

Delirium

A

A rapidly developing, a cute disturbance in attention, and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner

  • Common in elderly people, state of massive confusion
56
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, characterized by loss of memory, reasoning, emotion, and control of bodily functions

  • Alzheimer’s strikes 3 percent of the world’s population by age 75
57
Q

Personality Disorders

A

Long-standing, maladaptive thought and behavior patterns that are troublesome to others, harmful, or illegal

  • Impair people’s social functioning, individuals do not experience anxiety, depression, or delusions
58
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder “Accusatory”

A

Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people’s motives, individual thinks that others are out to threaten, betray, exploit, or harm

  • Do not normally confide in other people and frequently instead others
59
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

  • Genuinely prefer to be alone, no effort to start or keep relationships
  • Withdrawn behavior, considered “cold” (more common in males)
60
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very off patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

  • Patients usually experience distorted thinking and avoid intimacy
61
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder ** (APD)

A

Characterized by a general pattern of disregard and violation of there people’s rights (closely linked to criminal behavior)

  • Used to be called sociopaths or psychopaths
  • Violate other people’s rights without guilt or remorse
  • Manipulative, exploitative, self-indulgent, irresponsible (more common in males)
62
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

  • Unpredictable and prone to boredom (more common in females)
  • Always in conflict with the world around them, suicidal threats and actions are also common
63
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality (dramatic) and attention seeking

  • Tend to overreact and be egocentric (more common in females)
  • Exaggerate physical illnesses
64
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

  • Unrealistically self-important, manipulative, can’t take criticism, expects special treatment (more common in males)
65
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation/potential rejection, humiliation

66
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

  • Excessively lacking in self-confidence, subordinates own needs and allows others to make all decisions (more common in females)
67
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionist, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

  • Preoccupied with rules, schedules, details, and extremely conventional
68
Q

Eating & Feeding Disorders

A

Mental disorders defined by abnormal eating habits. May involve either insufficient or excessive food intake to the detriment of an individual’s physical and mental health

  • People with eating disorders can appear underweight of healthy weight, or overweight
69
Q

Anorexia Nervosa (Anorexia)

A

Life-threatening eating disorder that involves intense fear of weight gain or becoming overweight, distorted perception of one’s weight/body shape, persistent restriction of caloric intake

70
Q

Body Dysmorphia

A

Increasing cognitive misperception of being overweight despite evidence to the contrary

71
Q

Bulimia Nervosa (Bulimia)

A

Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors for the intake of food, such as purging

  • Bingeing is characterized by eating a large amount of food in a short period of time

A purge can include self-induced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives/diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise

72
Q

Binge Eating Disorder “Compulsive Disorder”

A

Uncontrollably eating a large amount of food in a short period of time; after a bingeing episode a person will not purge and will feel an extreme sense of guilt

  • Episodes of bingeing may be a method of self-soothing in the face of emotional stressors
73
Q

Somatic Symptom Disorders (SDD)

A

Characterized by psychiatric symptoms associated with physical complaints

  • People primarily seen in medical settings where patients/clients complain of physical symptoms
74
Q

Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD)

A

Characterized by a preoccupation with a serious medical or health condition with either no or mild physical (somatic) symptoms such as nausea r dizziness that has persisted for 6 months

75
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Characterized by loss of some bodily function without physical damage to the affected organs or their neural connections

  • Symptoms usually last as long as anxiety is present
76
Q

Dissociative Disorders

A

Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss or memory (amnesia) or change in identity

  • If extremely stressed, an individual can experience separation of conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts
77
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Loss of memory for a traumatic event or period of time that is too painful for an individual to remember

78
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Rare mental disorder characterized by at least two distinct and relatively enduring identities or dissociated personality states that recurrently control a person’s behavior

  • Common in people who have been victim of physical/sexual abuse when very young
79
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perception, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities

  • Literal translation is “split mind” which refers to a split from reality
  • Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (collective psychotic disorders)
80
Q

Psychosis “Syndrome”

A

Any disorder in which the affected person has lost contact with reality (break with reality)

  • People usually experience psychosis in episodes (vary in length)
  • Psychosis can be drug induced or drug assisted (marijuana, alcohol, cocaine, crack & hallucinogens)
81
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Characteristics of schizophrenia that are added to a person’s personality, such as hallucinations, inappropriate emotions, delusions

82
Q

Schizophrenia Delusions

A

Bizarre or far fetched belief(s) that are unchanging even after being proven incorrect

83
Q

Delusions of reference

A

Believing that hidden messages are being sent to you via newspaper, TV, radio, or magazines

84
Q

Delusions of grandeur

A

Believing you are someone very powerful or important, have special abilities, possessions, or powers

85
Q

Delusions of persecution

A

Believing that spies, aliens, the government, or even your neighbors are plotting against you (most common)

86
Q

Schizophrenia Hallucinations

A

Perceiving a sensory stimuli that no one else is able to perceive, vividly real to the person experiencing it, content is usually negative

87
Q

Disorganized/Speech Thinking

A

Combining thoughts or switching from one thought to another word “word salad”

-Rapidly shift from one topic to the other

88
Q

Inappropriate Effect

A

Emotions are unsuited to the situation

  • The emotions may be merely a response to other features of the disorder
89
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Characteristics taken away from a person’s from a person’s personality;things that the individual does not do

90
Q

Catatonia

A

A pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms which may include catatonic stupor, rigidity, or posturing

  • Stupor, stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for a long period of time
  • Rigidity, maintain a rigid, upright posture for hours and resist efforts to be moved
  • Posturing, awkward bizarre positions for long period of time
91
Q

Flat Affect

A

Withholding of emotions and exhibiting diminished emotional expression

  • Their faces are still, eye contact is poor and voices are monotonous
  • May have general lack of pleasure or enjoyment
92
Q

Avolition

A

Apathy and inability to start or complete a course of action

  • People with schizophrenia may withdraw from their social environment and attend only to their own ideas and fantasies
93
Q

Schizophrenia Etiology (Cause)

A

While genetics, environment, neurobiology, and psychosocial stress contribute to Schizophrenia, the exact cause of the disease is unknown

94
Q

Genetic Link to Schizophrenia

A

Strong genetic Link to family members

  • People who have an identical twin with schizophrenia have a likelihood of getting it that is much is higher (more than 40%) in comparison to about 1% of the general population
95
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

High fluctuation of levels of dopamine can be responsible for schizophrenic symptoms

  • Potential link between high levels of dopamine and the development of schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions
96
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

People inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases their risk of schizophrenia; exposure to stress may put one at higher risk of developing schizophrenia

Clinical Psychology (1 decks)

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