Terms

Question 1

Indigenous Studies

Answer 1

An interdisciplinary academic field
- focusing on three fields: accessing and conveying Indigenous perspectives, conducting research that benefits Indigenous communities in some way, and using research methods and theories that achieve these goals.

Question 2

Thomas Moore

Answer 2

The famous photo of Thomas Moore is about the before and after residential school transformation of an Indigenous child.

Question 3

Comrade

Answer 3

A term used in an article by Dhillon (2019), describing the allyship with Indigenous people to confront settler colonialism

Question 4

Enfranchisement

Answer 4

A legal process that Canadian federal government implemented to relocate Indigenous people out of the reserves and remove their Indian status for them to gain full Canadian citizenship or other benefits.
- to assimilate Indigenous people into Canadian society.

Question 5

Daniels v Canada

Answer 5

Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the federal government holds the legal responsibility to legislate on issues related to Métis and Non-Status Indians

Question 6

Bill C-31

Answer 6

Ended section 12(1)(b), “marrying out” rule, and “double mother” rule
Created Section 6 of Indian Act

Question 7

Zaagidowin

Answer 7

Ashinaabek term for “love”, as one of the healing pricinples to overcome historical traumas of people as well as of water.

Question 8

TRC

Answer 8

TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION
Established in 2008
Commenced in 2009
5-year mandate but asked for a year extension due to the lack of documents from the Catholic Church and the Government
Government and catholic church weren’t cooperating with TRC

Question 9

Peasant Farming

Answer 9

policy that reduced the area that First Nations farmers could put under cultivation to one acre
-prohibited First Nations from using any labour-saving machinery
- FNs wanted to farm and were capable farmers but First Nations farm production decreased drastically while Reed’s farming policies were in place.
- Some Indian Agents thought that the Farming policy was silly, they got fired

Question 10

Miyo Pimatisowin Act

Answer 10

Affirms the rights and jurisdiction of the Cowessess First Nation over Child and Family Services for its citizens, establishes its own agency to provide those services, explains the provision of the Child and Family Services programs and outlines its components.

Question 11

AIM

Answer 11

Adopt Indian/Métis (AIM)
Hundreds of First Nations and Métis children were adopted through this program each year between 1967 AND 1974
Program featured First Nations and Métis children in newspaper ads and other media
Increased number of Indigenous children being adopted by a lot, children’s names were changed and the descriptions of them were like adopting a dog

Question 12

Kamloops Indian Residential School

Answer 12

May 27, 2021: TK’emlúps te Secwépemc uncover 215 unmarked graves at the Kamloops Indian Residential School

Question 13

Little Brother Of War

Answer 13

Lacrosse was called “Little Brother of War”
Played for a 1,000 years
Helped to settle disputes between nations
Played on large fields, hundreds of people could play at the same time
Played by many nations east of the Mississippi
Though the Haudenosaunee are seen as its creators
Became a sport played by the elite as well as Indigenous people
Became more world wide, over 90 countries play it and they have World Championships

Question 14

Comprehensive Claims

Answer 14

claims where Aboriginal people had never extinguished their Aboriginal title through treaty

cover areas in which Indigenous people never signed treaties and therefore have not extinguished their Aboriginal title to the land, it is a tripartite agreement

Through the Comprehensive Claims process Indigenous groups agree to extinguish Aboriginal title to lands in their traditional territory. In return, they receive certain rights - usually concerning self-governing powers - land, and money. In many respects these agreements are modern-day treaties.

Question 15

TLE

Answer 15

TREATY LAND ENTITLEMENT

the amount of land that an individual First Nation should have received under treaty. The treaties stipulated that First Nations were promised 128 acres per person (640 acres per family of 5). Though this could vary

Question 16

Section 91(24)

Answer 16

Under Section 91 (24) of the Constitution, it states that “Indians and lands reserved for Indians” fall under federal jurisdiction.

The Indian Act is the mechanism to regulate Section 91 (24)
First Nations defined as wards of the government

Question 17

Waneek Horn Miller

Answer 17

Last 10 minutes of Oka, everyone was in a treatment center and they gave up
When they walked out of the center, the Army beat them
When Waneek Horn Miller was 14, her and her daughter were beaten because they were a part of Oka
She competed in the olympics

Question 18

Stonechild Inquiry

Answer 18

2004 Report of the Commission into Matters Relating to the Death of Niel Stonechild - Saskatchewan

Neil Stonechild was a victim of a Starlight Tour, inquiry into his death

Question 19

Section 35(1)

Answer 19

Part of Canadian Constitution

“The existing Aboriginal and treaty Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.”

The terms “existing” and “recognized and affirmed” had to be defined, as well as the notion of extinguishment.

Question 20

Idle No More

Answer 20

an ongoing national protest by the First Nations people of Canada. They are protesting the abuses of aboriginal peoples throughout the country by the government.

Question 21

Progressive Warrior

Answer 21

These are those who, to the best of their ability, fight for their communities and attempt to have some engagement with them, including Native women and others within their analysis. They question the imposition of the patriarchy and the relegation of Native women into the backdrop of social change.

Question 22

First Nations

Answer 22

A term that was coined by Status Indian leaders during the Constitutional talks. It originally referred to Nations (i.e. Cree, Ojibwe, Mohawk, etc.) and then slowly began to replace the term “Indian” in general. An Indian individual became known as a First Nations individual, and an Indian reserve became known as a First Nation.

Question 23

Biindigen Well-Being Centre

Answer 23

Replacing an old Catholic school with a community center
De dwa da dehs nye>s
Aboriginal Health Centre
Niwasa Kendaaswin Teg (Education programming)
Ontario Aboriginal Housing Services

Partnership with McMaster Family Medicine to provide medical service to patients and training for medical students
The facility will address “a lack of access and the fear Indigenous residents experience with mainstream health care”
This and Anishnawbe Health are not an urban reserve, Urban reserves are federal land that belongs to FN but these are still city lands

Question 24

IRSSA

Answer 24

INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT (IRSSA)
The largest class action settlement in Canadian history
recognized the damage inflicted on Indigenous peoples by residential schools
The IRSSA had five main components:
the Common Experience Payment
Independent Assessment Process
Health and Healing Services
Commemoration
Establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Signed May 8, 2006 Implemented September, 2006

Question 25

Mnaamodzawin

Answer 25

Anishnaabek term for “well-being”. In Anishnaabek teaching, to achieve well-being one needs love, honesty, respect, truth, bravery, wisdom and humility. Ultimately, Anishnaabek well-being is achieved through healthy and reciprocal interpersonal relationships and relationships with environments.

Question 26

Bill C-92

Answer 26

A 2019 bill that recognizes the jurisdiction of Indigenous peoples over child and family welfare services, letting them establish their own child welfare systems.
Quebec argued the federal government was overstepping its powers, since it gave Indigenous people the right to pass laws that replace provincial laws (child welfare is provincial)
But, the supreme court ruled that it was within their legislative jurisdiction, and was key for reconciliation.

Question 27

Unjust Society

Answer 27

Book by Harold Cardinal

Cardinal’s book The Unjust Society exposed for the non-Native public the hypocrisy of the notion that Canada was a “just society.” Cardinal called the white paper “a thinly disguised programme of extermination through assimilation.” He saw the white paper as a form of cultural genocide.

However, the late Harold Cardinal points out, “the policy statement [and the Minister’s statement] confuses the administrative aspects, which the government consistently mishandled, with the government’s legal and moral responsibility. The Treaties and Indigenous rights, which the policy paper calls discrimination are rights that the government of Canada, not the Indians, has yet to fulfill”

Question 28

Sparrow

Answer 28

A Musqueam First Nation member had been charged with failure to adhere to BC fishing regulations regarding the type of fishing net that he used. Sparrow argued that his means of fishing was an exercise of his Aboriginal Right (protected by Section35(1) of the Constitution Act). Sparrow lost his case in county and provincial courts, and the decision of the British Columbia Court of Appeal was ambiguous.

Sparrow altered the Calder approach. The Court stated that section 35(1) protected these Rights from extinguishment, but that this protection was not absolute. Rights can be restricted if the legislation meets a strict justification test. The implication was that provincial laws of general application cannot extinguish an Aboriginal right, and that extinguishment without consulting Indigenous people is illegal- though what constituted consultation was not defined.

Question 29

Hawthorne Report

Answer 29

The goals of the Report was “to provide a detailed and objective study of the “inadequate fulfillment of the proper and just aspirations of the Indians of Canada”
Interviewed Indian Agents, agents said that Indigenous people have bad attitudes

Said that Indigenous culture is not conducive to the urban area
Made it clear that FN people need to leave the reserve to speed up assimilation, end FN culture in cities