Terms

Question 1

Propositions

Answer 1

Statements that can be true or false

Question 2

Arguments

Answer 2

Composed of premises and conclusions

Question 3

Premises

Answer 3

Propositions that are supposed to support the conclusion (okay but what does that mean? Why tell me that? What’s the point?)

Question 4

Deductive Arguements

Answer 4

Guarantee their conclusions
Mathematical, logical, Arguements from definition

Question 5

Inductive Arguements

Answer 5

Supposed to make their conclusion probable
Analogies, authority, casual inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations

Question 6

Validity

Answer 6

If premises are true, then the conclusion must be true
All pigs can fly.
Snowball is a pig.
Therefore, Snowball can fly (not sound but valid)

Question 7

Sound Arguement

Answer 7

Valid and has true premises

Question 8

Strength

Answer 8

Strong if inductive argument has true premises, then the conclusion is probably true

Question 9

Cogency

Answer 9

Cogent Arguements is strong and has true premises

Question 10

Fallacy

Answer 10

Type of bad arguement

Question 11

Formal fallacies

Answer 11

Have bad structure

Question 12

Informal Fallacies

Answer 12

Problem with their content

Question 13

Affirming the consequent

Answer 13

If X, then Y
Y
Therefore, X

Question 14

Denying the antecedent

Answer 14

If X, then Y
not X
therefore, not y

Question 15

Fallacy fallacy

Answer 15

When someone uses the fact that a fallacy was committed to justify rejecting the conclusion of the fallacious argument

Question 16

Begging the question

Answer 16

Occurs when one assumes the truth of the conclusion in one or more of the premises

Question 17

Principle of Charity

Answer 17

An effort to interpret others’ reasoning in the best possible light

Question 18

Confirmation Bias

Answer 18

Natural tendency to seeks out evidence that supports personal beliefs and to ignore evidence that undermines those beliefs

Question 19

Cognitive Bias

Answer 19

Refers to the systemic ways in which people categorize and make sense of the world to make judgements and decisions

Question 20

Alief

Answer 20

Automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs (type of cognitive bias)

Question 21

Anchoring

Answer 21

Human tendency to stick close to the FIRST piece of information we have a about a new domain

Question 22

Heuristics

Answer 22

Rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut

Question 23

Representativeness

Answer 23

Cognitive bias in which an individual categorizes a new situation based on nearest prototype or representative experience in their mind

Question 24

Availability

Answer 24

Cognitive bias in which an individual takes available information while not seeking out or considering unknown information resulting in a person jumping to conclusions

Question 25

Selection Bias

Answer 25

When a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the target population

Question 26

Generalization

Answer 26

Based on an adequate number of relevant cases

Question 27

Decision Making

Answer 27

System 1 is quick, automatic, and emotional
System 2 is deliberate, effortful, and calculating

Question 28

Ad Hominem

Answer 28

Fallacy of relevance- committed when one attacks the person making an argument rather than argument itself

Question 29

Genetic Fallacy

Answer 29

Fallacy of Relevance, committed when one argues that the origin of an idea is a reason of rejecting (or accepting) that idea

Question 30

Straw Figure Fallacy

Answer 30

Fallacy of Relevance, committed when one misrepresents another’s argument then attacks the misrepresented (weaker) argument rather than the actual (stronger) argument

Question 31

Red Herring Fallacy

Answer 31

Fallacy of Relevance, committed when one introduces an irrelevant topic

Question 32

Appeal to Authority

Answer 32

Committed when one appeals to an unqualified authority in support of one’s claim

Question 33

Appeal to Force Fallacy

Answer 33

Committed when one uses a threat to compel agreement with one’s claim

Question 34

Appeal to Popularity Fallacy

Answer 34

Committed when one appeals to the popularity of a belief as a reason to affirm its truth

Question 35

Appeal to Consequences Fallacy

Answer 35

Committed when one appeals to the bad (or good) consequences of accepting a claim as a reason to reject (or accept) it as true

Question 36

Fallacy of Equivocation

Answer 36

Committed when one’s argument mistakenly used the same word in two different sense

Question 37

Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy

Answer 37

Fallacy of Weak Induction, Committed when someone reasons from our lack of knowledge that a claim is false (or true) to the assertion the claim is true

Question 38

Slippery Slope

Answer 38

Fallacy of Weak Induction, committed when someone argues, without sufficient reason, one event will lead to a series of events ultimately ending in some further event

Question 39

Texas Sharpshooter

Answer 39

Fallacy of Weak Induction, committed when one selectively uses, or “cherry-picks”, only the evidence supporting their desired conclusion

Question 40

Post Hoc

Answer 40

Fallacy of Weak Induction, committed when someone claims some event causes another just because the first event occurs before the second event
X Occurred before Y
Therefore: X caused Y

Question 41

Hasty Generalization

Answer 41

Fallacy of Weak Induction, committed when someone gernalizes too quickly about a group of people, things, or events

Question 42

False Dilemma Fallacy

Answer 42

Fallacy of Presumption, committed when one presumes that there are fewer options than there actually are (black and white or dichotomy)

Question 43

Burden of Proof Shifting Fallacy

Answer 43

Fallacy of Presumption, committed when one presumes that one’s (implausible) claim is justified unless someone else demonstrates otherwise

Question 44

Conclusion Indicators

Answer 44

Therefore, So, It follows that, Hence, Thus, Entails that, We may conclude that, Implies that, Wherefore, As a result

Question 45

Premise Indicators

Answer 45

Because, For, Given that, In that, As, Since, As indicated by

Question 46

Conclusions

Answer 46

Okay but why would anyone believe that? Give me a reasons or evidence for accepting that claim

Question 47

Valid Structure

Answer 47

All X’s do Y
Z is an X
Therefore, Z does Y