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Motivation & Emotion > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation “Gets You Moving”

A

The needs, desires, feelings, and ideas that direct behavior toward a goal

-It is an urge to behave or act in a way that will satisfy certain conditions, such as wishes, desires, or goals

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2
Q

Instinct

A

an innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species

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3
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

-The greater the need, the stronger the drive

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism, to stay in balance

(+) Explains our motivation to reduce arousal by meeting basic needs, such as hunger or thirst

(-) Too simple to explain complex

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5
Q

Incentive

A

External stimuli that motivate a behavior, sometimes the same behavior

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6
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual’s behavior.

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

Proposes that people and other animals are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal, the state of being awake and alert.

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes

-We tend to perform difficult or newly learned tasks better at a lower level of Arousal, but we tend to perform very easy or well-learned tasks at a higher level of arousal

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9
Q

Instinct Theory “The Evolutionary Perspective”

A

People are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are genetically programmed to do so with survival instincts

-Motivation to SURVIVE

(+) Helps explain behavioral similarities related to adaptations from our ancestral past
(-) Does not consider human cognitive abilities

Explains animal behavior better than human behavior

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10
Q

Incentive Theory

A

We are pulled into action by positive or negative outside incentives

-Actions are directed towards the promise of a reward or punishment

-Can be used to get people to engage in certain behaviors or to stop performing certain actions

(+) Based on well-established learning principles

Easily identifies external pulls on behavior

(-) Does not take internal stimuli into account, cannot explain behaviors that have no apparent external worth

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11
Q

Optimum Arousal Theory “Just the Right Amount of Excitement”

A

Human motivation aims to increase arousal

-Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system

-We feel driven to experience stimulation

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12
Q

Optimum Level of Arousal

A

Motivation is the search for just the right amount of excitement

-Being under-aroused/alert yields low performance. Or, being over-hyped yields low performance. The trick is to be just right

-People different in amount of stimulation they need or want

(+) Explains that motivated behaviors may decrease or increase arousal

(-) Does not explain our motivation to address more complex and social needs

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13
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Abraham Maslow suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs

-As a person satisfies the needs in the bottom of the pyramid

(+) Focused on development of healthy individuals

Powerful motivators of human behavior

(-) Needs do not necessarily follow a hierarchy, no evidence that needs are in hierarchical order

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14
Q

Physiological Needs

A

The most basic of Maslow’s needs, the things that are vital to our survival

-Food
-Water
-Breathing
-Homeostasis

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15
Q

Security/Safety Needs

A

People want control and order in their lives, so this need for safety and security contributes largely to behaviors at this level

-Financial Security

-Health and wellness

-Safety against acccidents and injury

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16
Q

Social Needs

A

At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior

-Friendships
-Romantic attachments
-Family
-Social groups

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17
Q

Esteem Needs

A

At this point, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized.

-Feelings of Accomplishment
-Prestige

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18
Q

Self-Actualization

A

At the highest level of the hierarchy, need that essentially equates to achieving one’s full potential

-Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their purpose

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19
Q

Self-Transcendence

A

People strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self (spiritual fulfillment)

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20
Q

Hunger Motivation

A

Understanding why we eat, hunger is something that makes us do things (motivator) and is a drive state

-Hunger is a drive that pushes a person to behave in a way that fills a need (People don’t eat only because they need food)

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21
Q

Set Point

A

The hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain body weight

-Describes how the hypothalamus might decide what impulse to send

-The hypothalamus tells us we should eat and lowers our metabolic rate, tells us to stop eating when that set point is reached and raises our metabolic rate to burn any excess food

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22
Q

External Cues for Eating Behaviors

A

Environmental factors that influence our desire to eat

-Includes the time of the day, estimated time until the next feeding, the sight, smell, taste, and even touch of food and food-related stimuli

-Cultural/Religious Values

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23
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Repeated episodes of binge eating and the use of compensatory in order to offset eating

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24
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Characterized by not eating enough

-The physical symptoms are a result of the body being denied essential nutrients, as the body is forced to conserve its resources in an effort to survive

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25
Q

Obesity

A

Obesity and the potential for health problems associated with diabetes and hypertension and growing concerns in our population

-Increased risk of heart attacks, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes

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26
Q

Sexual Motivation

A

The normal human interest in sexual objects and activities

-Sex is not a need, but rather a desire

-If we were not motivated to have sex, then we probably would not procreate (have babies) and the human species would end

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27
Q

Sex Response Cycle

A

Includes the stages humans go through during sexual interaction

  1. Excitement Stage
  2. Plateau Stage
  3. Orgasm Phase
  4. Resolution Phase
  5. Refractory Period
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28
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

The need for achievement drives accomplishment and performance and thereby motivates our behavior

-Individual’s need to meet realistic goals, receive feedback, and experience a sense of accomplishment

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29
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by internal rewards (autonomy, mastery, purpose)

-We simply enjoy an activity or see it as an opportunity to explore, learn, and actualize our potentials

-Individuals who are intrinsically motivated are likely to perform better and improve their skills at a given task

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30
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise

-People who extrinsically motivated will continue to perform an action even though the task might not be in and of itself rewarding

-People who are extrinsically motivated tend to be less satisfied and become unhappy more easily

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31
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing something actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action

-People tend to pay more attention to these external rewards rather than their own enjoyment of the activity

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32
Q

Affiliation Need

A

People need each other and need groups in order to survive and thrive “Social Animals”

-It is instead centered on gaining acceptance, attention, and support from members of the group as well as providing the same attention to other members

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33
Q

Ostracism “Social Exclusion”

A

Ostracism is being deliberately left out of a group or social setting by exclusion and rejection

-Our brains react with anger or sadness when we’re being threatened with exclusion

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34
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

Conflict within a person where they need to decide between two appealing goals

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35
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A

Making a decision between two equally undesirable choices

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36
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Conflict involves making decisions about situations that have both positive and negative consequences

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37
Q

Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

A

Weigh the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements

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38
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The rate of energy expenditure when the body is at rest

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39
Q

Refractory period

A

After the orgasm, the body returns to its normal resting state during the fourth stage. Body resets itself so that it can go through the sexual response cycle once again.

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40
Q

Emotion

A

A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind. This complex experience includes:

1.Physiological Arousal

  1. Expressive Behaviors
  2. Conscious Experience
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41
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

Facial expressions, gestures, posture, distance, and nonlinguistic vocal characteristics that express emotional feelings

  • Our brains are rather amazing detectors of subtle expressions
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42
Q

Display Rule

A

A social group or culture’s informal norms about how to appropriately express emotions

-The norms of a group not only identify when and where it is appropriate to express emotions but also the extent at which these emotions are expressed

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43
Q

Common-Sense Theory

A

Theory in which a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal through the autonomic nervous system

-Environmental influence (some event) —-> Psychological experience ——-> Physiological state changes (emotion)

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44
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events

  1. External Stimulus
  2. Physiological reaction
  3. Emotional reaction is dependent upon how you interpret these emotions
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45
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

Facial expressions are connected to experiencing emotions

  • The act of smiling can itself actually make you feel happier
  • James-Lange theory is consistent with the current facial-feedback hypothesis
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46
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

A

Suggests that the physical and psychological experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one does not cause the other

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47
Q

Schacter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

A

The physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion

  1. Stimulus
  2. Physiological Response
  3. Cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion
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48
Q

Catharsis

A

Intense emotional release

49
Q

Health Pyschology

A

Health psychology focuses on how biological, social and psychological factors influence health and illness.

50
Q

Well-being

A

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

51
Q

Relative deprivation

A

the belief that a person will feel deprived or entitled to something based on the comparison to someone else

52
Q

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. subjective well-being. self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

53
Q

Personality Psychology

A

The scientific study of the whole person

-Personality can be defined as an individual’s unique, relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

54
Q

Psychoanalytic Theories

A

Sigmund Freud developed theory of personality development, human behavior and experience are determined by forces over which we have very little control and about which we are generally unaware

-Great emphasis on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality

55
Q

Unconscious

A

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

-All our animalistic biological drives

56
Q

Id

A

Part of human personality that is made up of all our inborn biological urges that seeks out immediate gratification

-Exists at birth and contains all the instincts and energy necessary for survival (libido)

57
Q

Ego

A

The largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality

  • The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

-Contains our partly conscious thoughts

58
Q

Superego

A

The part of personality that, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations

-Focuses on how we ought to behave, the morality principle, need to comply with parental or other authority

  • Around age 4 or 5
59
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

  • Freud believed personality formed the first few years of life
  • Sexuality = Desire for sensuous pleasure of any kind
60
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

  • During the phallic stage
  • Children eventually cope with the threatening feelings, said Freud, by repressing them in the unconscious and by identifying with (trying to become like) the rival parent
61
Q

Identification

A

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

  • Freud believed that identification with the same-sex parent provides what psychologists now call out gender identity– our sense of being male or female
62
Q

Fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

  • Being stuck in a stage carries the sexual energy from that stage into adulthood
  • Fixation can also result if a trauma occurred during that stage
63
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

64
Q

Free Association

A

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

  • “Freudian slip,” that’s when we say the wrong thing out loud, but to Freud, it’s the truth surfacing
65
Q

Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

A

Freud analyze dreams, viewed dreams as significant hidden material

  • The manifest content was what was remembered - it was the censored version. He was interested in the latent content,, that which was not remembered/ unconscious
  • Dream interpretation was “the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious in mental life”
66
Q

Defense mechanism

A

Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms, tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

  • Defense mechanisms are thought to safegaurd the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with
67
Q

Repression

A

Acts to keep information out on conscious awareness

  • Freud also thought these repressed feelings, memories, or desires come out in dreams symbolically
68
Q

Displacement

A

Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening

  • Displaced aggression is a common example of this coping mechanism
69
Q

Projection

A

Involves taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and ascribing them to other people

  • Allowing the expression of the desire or impulse, but in a way that the ego can’t recognize
70
Q

Regression

A

When confronted by stressful events, people sometimes abandon coping strategies and revert to patterns of behavior used earlier in development

  • People act out behaviors from the stage of psychosexual development which they are fixated
71
Q

Denial

A

Functions to protect the ego from things with which the individual cannot cope

  • Outright refusal to admit or recognize that something had occurred or is currently occurring
72
Q

Rationalization

A

Involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior

  • Rationalization not only prevents anxiety, it may also protect self-esteem and self-concept
73
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior

  • Defense mechanism to hide their true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner
74
Q

Critics Point Out…

A

(+) Today’s psychologists give Freud credit for drawing attention to the vast unconscious, importance of sexuality & conflict between biological impulses & social restraints

(-) Research doesn’t support many of Freud’s specific ideas

75
Q

Stress

A

A mental and physical condition that occurs when a person encounters some demand or expectation and must adjust or adapt to the environment

76
Q

Stressor

A

A condition or event in the environment that challenges or threatens a person.

77
Q

Acute stress

A

Anxiety that develops shortly after people witness or experience a traumatic event.

78
Q

Chronic stress

A

Long-term exposure to stressors that persist over an extended period.

79
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

A three-stage process that people go through in response to stressors:

-Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

80
Q

Type A

A

Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and easily angered

81
Q

Type B

A

Easygoing, relaxed, chill

82
Q

Psychophysiological illness

A

Any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

83
Q

Need for achievement (n Ach)

A

a strong desire to accomplish goals and attain a high standard of performance and personal fulfillment

84
Q

Flow

A

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills.

85
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Stores the shared sense of universal experiences common to all human beings

86
Q

Sublimation

A

Occurs when a person redirects an unacceptable urge to something with social value.

  • Painting of a battle
87
Q

Archetypes

A

Universal concepts that influence our behavior and personality

88
Q

Basic anxiety

A

pervasive feeling of helplessness and loneliness.

89
Q

Persona (Mask) “Conformity Archetype”

A

The socially acceptable mask or front that a person presents to the world, highly conscious creation

  • Individual’s persona is built on conscious patterns concerning how a good “actor” presents an appropriate mask and plays an appropriate role for the world
  • Hides or disguises the rue potential of the self
90
Q

Anima

A

The hidden feminine side of man, based on men’s collective experiences with women throughout time

91
Q

Animus

A

The hidden masculine side of woman

92
Q

Shadow

A

Animal side of our personality, parts of the unconscious mind, repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings

93
Q

Projective Test

A

Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli and test-takers tell a story about it

  • More reliable at uncovering unconscious personality traits or features. However, they are criticized for having poor reliability and validity, lacking scientific evidence
94
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

  • Consists of 30 cards (including one blank card) depicting ambiguous drawings
  • Clinician may presume any hopes, desires, and fears are projections of their own inner feelings or conflicts
95
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test (Hermann Rorschach)

A

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, during the test, participants are shown the inkblots and asked what each one looks like

  • This test can be used to examine a person’s personality characteristics and emotional functioning, and is thought to measure unconscious attitudes and motivations.
96
Q

Humanistic Theories

A

Emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality

  • Positive qualities & potential inherent in all of us
97
Q

Carl Rogers Self Theory

A

Self, an organized, consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves, which develops in response to our life experiences

  • Experiences inconsistent with our self-concept cause us to feel threatened & anxious
  • If we are well adjusted, we can adapt by modifying our self-concept
98
Q

Ideal Self vs Real Self

A

The ideal Self is the person that you would like to be; the real self is the person you actually are

  • Incongruence, the difference between our real self, and ideal self
  • The more the Incongruence the more severe the impact on the individuals’ self concept
99
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Showing complete support and acceptance of a person no matter what the person says or does

  • If a person were provided with genuine unconditional positive regard they would become a full functioning person (strives to become genuine self)
100
Q

Self-Actualization

A

All people strive to become self-actualizing, fulfilling their natural desire to achieve their full potential

101
Q

Behavioral Theories

A

Behavioral Theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment

  • If we change someone’s environment, we change his or her personality
102
Q

Operant Conditioning Theory

A

Personality is the sum of behaviors learned as responses to rewards or through negative reinforcement

  • B.F. Skinner applied the principles of operant conditioning to personality
103
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

Proposes that all behavior is caused by outside environmental forces (free will is an illusion)

104
Q

Social Cognitive Approach/Theory

A

Suggests that cognitive processes play a role equal to the environment’s role to determine the individual’s behavior patterns and personality

  • Focus on how we and our environment interact (instead of our environment controlling us)
105
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Albert Bandura proposed that the person, environment, and behavior interact to determine patterns of behavior and thus personality

  • Personalities shape how we interpret and react to events
  • Personalities help create situation to which how react
  • Different people choose different environments
106
Q

Observational Learning

A

Albert Bandura Behavior results, people see other people’s actions and the consequences of those actions and then incorporate those behaviors into their own behavior

107
Q

Self Efficacy

A

The belief that you can do a particular task greatly increases the chances that you actually can do it

  • Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how people think, behave, and feel
108
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory, Julian Rotter

A

People make choices that shed light on their personality, people engage in activities to achieve an outcome that will satisfy their psychological needs

109
Q

Trait/Type Theories

A

The trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals, focused on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics

  • Trait, relatively permanent characteristic of our personality
110
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Conducted research that focused on conscious motivation and personal traits. Proposed three levels of traits…

  • Cardinal Traits, traits that dominate an individual’s whole life
  • Central Traits, general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality
  • Secondary Traits, often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances
111
Q

Raymond Cattell’s 16 Traits

A

16 Traits are the source of all human personality

  • Factor analysis, he identified closely related terms and eventually reduced his list to just 16 key personality traits
  • Developed one of the most widely used personality assessments known as the “Sixteen Personality Factor Questionaire)
112
Q

Source Traits

A

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

113
Q

Surface Traits

A

Aspects of personality that can be seen by other people in outward actions of a person

114
Q

Hans Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions

A

Developed a model of personality based upon just three universal traits

  • Extraversion: Measures our sociability, tendency to pay attention to external environment
  • Neuroticism: Measures of level of instability
  • Psychoticism: Measures our level of tough-mindedness (how friendly, empathetic, and cooperative we are)
115
Q

The Big Personality Factors

A

Model of personality traits, many researchers believe that there are five core personality traits

  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Extraversion
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
116
Q

Self-Report Methods

A

Most common personality assessment techniques, involve a person answering a series of questions, such as a personality questionaire, or supplying information about himself or herself

  • Type of test is often presented in a paper-and-pencil format or may even be administered on a computer
117
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)

A

The most widely used and researched clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to help diagnose mental health disorders

  • Composed of 567 true/false items, tests are scored by computer & charted on MMPI-2 profile
118
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBT)

A

Self-report inventory designed to identify a person’s personality type, strengths, and preferences

  • Based on the answers to the questions on the inventory, people are identified as having one of 16 personality types
  • Extraversion-Introversion
  • Sensing-Intuition
  • Thinking-Feeling
  • Judging-Perceiving

(+) Relatively easy to use, it has become one of the most popular psychological instruments currently in use today

(-) Studies have found that it;s not reliable.valid

Different results occur

Motivation & Emotion (1 decks)

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