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Probability and Statistics > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

a particular group of interest

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2
Q

variable

A

a value of characteristic that changes among members of the population

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3
Q

data

A

are the counts measurements or observations gathered about a specific variable in a population in order to study it

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4
Q

census

A

a study in which data are obtained from every member of the population

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5
Q

statistics

A

the science of gathering describing analyzing data. OR the actual numerical descriptions of sample data

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6
Q

parameter

A

a numerical description of a population characteristic

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7
Q

sample

A

a subset of the population from which data are collected

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8
Q

sample stats

A

are numerical descriptions of sample characteristics.

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9
Q

descriptive stats

A

gathers, sorts, summarizes and displays the data

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10
Q

inferential stats

A

involves using descriptive stats to estimate population parameters

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11
Q

Qualitative data

A

consists of labels or descriptions of traits

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12
Q

Quantitative data

A

consists of counts or measurements (quantities)

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13
Q

continuous data

A

quantitative data that can take on any value in a given interval and are usually measurements

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14
Q

discrete data

A

quantitative data that can take on only particular values and are usually counts (whole numbers)

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15
Q

nominal level

A

measurement are qualitative data consisting of labels or names

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16
Q

ordinal level

A

measurement are qualitative data that can be arranged in a meaningful order but calculations such as addition or division do not make sense. (order)

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17
Q

interval level

A

measurements are quantitative data that can be arranged in a meaningful order and differences between data entries are meaningful (0 is a placeholder)

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18
Q

ratio level

A

measurement are quantitative data that can be ordered differences between data entries are meaningful and the zero point indicates the absence of something (0 means the absence of something)

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19
Q

observational study

A

observes data that already exists

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20
Q

experiment

A

generates data to help identify cause-and-effect relationships

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21
Q

representative sample

A

has the same relevant characteristics as the population and does not favor one group from the population over another

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22
Q

random sampling

A

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

23
Q

simple random sampling

A

every sample of the population has an equal chance of being selected

24
Q

stratified sampling

A

a few members from each stratum or group are randomly chosen

25
Q

cluster samplings

A

all members from a few randomly chosen clusters (or groups) are selected

26
Q

systematic sampling

A

Every th member of the population is chosen

27
Q

convenience sampling

A

the sample is chosen because it is convenient for the researcher

28
Q

cross-sectional study

A

data are collected at a single point in time

29
Q

longitudinal study

A

data are gathered by following a particular group over a period of time

30
Q

meta-analysis

A

a study that compiles information from previous studies

31
Q

case study

A

looks at simple variables that affect a single event

32
Q

treatment

A

is some condition that is applied to a group of subjects in an experiment

33
Q

participants

A

are people being studied in an experiment

34
Q

subject

A

are people or things being studied in an experiment

35
Q

response variable (y axis)

A

the variable in an experiment that responds to the treatment

36
Q

explanatory variable (x axis)

A

the variable in an experiment that causes the change in the response variable

37
Q

control group

A

a group of subjects to which no treatment is applied in an experiment

38
Q

treatment group

A

a group of subjects to which researchers apply a treatment in an experiment

39
Q

confounding variables

A

factors other than the treatment that cause an effect on the subjects of an experiment

40
Q

placebo effect

A

a response to the power of suggestion rather than the treatment itself by participants of an experiment

41
Q

placebo

A

a substance that appears identical to the actual treatment but contains no intrinsic beneficial elements

42
Q

single blind experiment

A

subjects do not know if they are in the control group or the treatment group but the people interacting with the subjects in the experiment know in which group each subject has been placed

43
Q

double-blind experiment

A

neither the subjects nor the people interacting with the subjects know to which group each subject belongs

44
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

a group of people who revuew the design of a study to make sure that it is appropriate and that no unnecessary harm will come to the subjects involved

45
Q

Informed constant

A

involved completely disclosing to participants the goals and procedures involved in a study and obtaining their agreement to participate.

46
Q

ordered array

A

an ordered list of data from largest to smallest or vice versa

47
Q

distribution

A

a way to describe the structure of a particular data set or population

48
Q

class and frequency distribution

A

a display of the values that occure in a data set and how often each value or range of values occurs. If each category represents a single value then the distribution is referred to as an ungrouped frequency otherwise if each category represents a range of values then it is a grouped frequency distribution

49
Q

frequency

A

the numbers of data values in the categories of a frequency distribution

50
Q

class

A

category of data in a frequency distribution

51
Q

the class width

A

the lower limits or upper limits of two consecutive classes of a frequency distribution

52
Q

lower class limit

A

the smallest number that can belong to a particular class

53
Q

upper-class limit

A

the largest number that can belong to a particular class

54
Q
A

Probability and Statistics (1 decks)

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