Terms

Question 1

Lubeck

Answer 1

The city J. S. Bach walked to to hear the famous organist.

Question 2

Imitative Counterpoint

Answer 2

Canon
Fugue

Question 3

J. S. Bach

Answer 3

(1685-1750) Devoutly Lutheran: SDG (soli Deo gloria), JJ (jesu juve), Calov Bible Commentary

Played: organ, harpsichord, clavichord, violin, voice
Composed: fugues (sometimes improvised)

Professional posts: Weimar, Cothen, Leipzig

BWV - Bach work catalogue (he wrote a ton)

Question 4

Weimar

Answer 4

J. S. Bach worked there, writing organ music (1708-1717). Tracker organ.

Orgelbuchlein (Little Organ Book), the book was actually small.
-Durch Adam’s Fall

Question 5

Cothen

Answer 5

J. S. Bach worked there, writing instrumental music (1717-1723).
Well-Tempered Clavier (WTC)
-24 preludes and fugues (1 in each key)

Question 6

Leipzig

Answer 6

J. S. Bach worked there, as Cantor (director of church music) over 4 major churches there (1723-1750). Provided a cantata for every Sunday and for every feast (except during Advent and Lent) (about 60 per year, 20 minutes each).

Played organ for weddings and funerals.

Taught music and Latin to choirboys.

Question 7

Lutheran Chorale Prelude

Answer 7

An introduction to a Hymn. Sets the mood, and reminds the congregation of how the hymn goes.

Question 8

Fugue

Answer 8

Exposition: theme (subject), repeat at dominant level (answer), repeat…
(Sometimes includes a countersubject.)
Episode: freer section
Middle Entries: original material in new key
Final Portion: restate original material in original key

Question 9

basso continuo

Answer 9

Bassline w/sustaining instruments (cello, bassoon, etc.), and chords (harpsichord, organ, lute, etc.)

Question 10

aria/recitative

Answer 10

Vocal solo with accompaniment

Question 11

da capo aria

Answer 11

ABA form

Question 12

oratorio

Answer 12

Classical period, choir heavy drama told though music with a sacred topic, not staged.

Question 13

cantata

Answer 13

Usually sacred work for voices and instruments. Sacred topics.

Question 14

clarino register

Answer 14

The extreme high register of baroque trumpet, a specialty of some trumpet players.

Question 15

sonata form

Answer 15

Exposition:
-tonic moves to dominant
-1st theme is bold, 2nd theme is lyrical
Development:
-various keys (but not tonic), moves to dominant
-thematic development
Recapitulation:
-stays in tonic
-1st theme, then 2nd theme
-symmetrical aspect to the exposition

Question 16

The Enlightenment

Answer 16

18th C Age of Reason. Emphasis on science and empiricism. Deemphasis on superstition and the supernatural.

Question 17

Classical Period

Answer 17

1750-1820
A period of music with ideals such as: balance, symmetry, clarity, harmonious proportions, antecedent/consequent phrases, diatonicism, regular rhythms.

Included notable genres:
symphony, concerto, string quartet, sonata, opera, oratorio, Mass

Later on (1730s-40s)
galant style (pleasing, light, easily digestable)
comic intermezzo (comedic short opera)
sonata form

Question 18

Domenico Scarletti

Answer 18

(1685-1757) Maestro di capella in Lisbon, Portugal. Taught princess Maria Barbara, who was extremely talented. Moved to Madrid, Spain when Barbara became queen of Spain.

Wrote binary form keyboard music that illuded to what would become sonata form.

Question 19

Acciacatura

Answer 19

Chord with 2nds, comes from Spanish guitar music. Sounds like a sus chord.

Question 20

comic intermezzo

Answer 20

Performed in between acts of a serious opera. The plot was unrelated to that of the serious opera.
The plot: the world turned on its head.
Mostly syllabic singing.
Small cast, with an emphasis on acting, rather than singing.
commedia dell’arte (stock) characters

Question 21

galant style

Answer 21

Precursor to the classical era.
Simple, elegant, antecedent + consequent

Question 22

opera seria

Answer 22

Italian serious opera
3 acts
Roman history
alt. between aria and recit
The singers are the focus. -complicated singing including melismas

Question 23

Christoph Willibald Gluck

Answer 23

(1714-1787)
Created Reform Ballet and Reform Opera

Question 24

Reform Opera

Answer 24

A type of Opera created by Gluck. Everything serves the drama and story: singing, orchestra, dance, chorus, structures/form. The orchestra has a bigger role. The singing became less showy. Realism.

Question 25

Sturm und Drang

Answer 25

Style of music that uses diminished 7th chords and fast runs. Sounds scary.

Question 26

Carl Philip Emanuel Bach

Answer 26

(C. P. E. Bach) 1714-1788
Worked in Berlin for King Fredrick the Great.
He made a big deal of playing expressively.
He wrote keyboard music and the treatise on the True Art of Playing the Keyboard.

Question 27

The True Art of Playing the Keyboard

Answer 27

A treatise on playing the keyboard by C. P. E. Bach. Includes music theory, techniques, expression, and 18 pieces increasing in difficulty.

Question 28

Clavichord

Answer 28

A quiet keyboard instrument that could play dynamics and vibrato (Bebung). Fretted couldn’t play every combination of notes, but the unfretted can.

Question 29

J. C. Bach

Answer 29

The “London” Bach. 1735-1783
Wrote a variety of music, notably operas. Influential on Mozart.
Bach-Abel concert series

Question 30

Symphony

Answer 30

For full orchestra.
1st movement (fast): sonata form
2nd (slow): various forms
3rd (dance): minuet + trio
4th (fast): various forms [often sonata rondo form]

Question 31

Minuet and Trio

Answer 31

Dance form in ternary: dance 1 (AB), dance 2 (CD), and dance 1 (AB) again.

Question 32

Sinfonia

Answer 32

Latin for “Symphony of sounds.” Opera overture. Fast, slow, fast.

Question 33

Sammartini

Answer 33

1700-1775
Wrote early symphonies, using only strings.

Question 34

Mannheim

Answer 34

German city near France. Had the best orchestra in Europe at the time “an army of generals.” Notable by their bow directions, dynamics

Question 35

Johann Stamitz

Answer 35

Wrote for the Mannheim orchestra.

Question 36

Esterhazy Family

Answer 36

Most prominent German aristocrats in Hungry in Haydn’s time.

Question 37

Capellmeister

Answer 37

Director of music for an aristocratic family. A capellmeister is in charge of composition, directing, teach female vocalists, inventory (music library and instruments).

Question 38

Joseph Haydn

Answer 38

1732-1809
Capellmeister of Nickolas Esterhazy, and later his son. He wrote 104 classical symphonies, and 68 string quartets, as well as concertos, keyboard music, operas, oratorios, and Masses. “Father of the Symphony” “Father of the String Quartet”

Question 39

Classical Full Orchestra

Answer 39

Strings (including bass), winds in pairs (including horn), sometimes percussion, trumpets and trombones.

Question 40

Concertante Style

Answer 40

A symphony that has a significant solo in it.

Question 41

chamber music

Answer 41

Music for a few instruments (usually 2-5 but sometimes up to 10). Every player has a separate part. “Conversation among equals.”

Question 42

Baryton

Answer 42

6 or 7 stringed member of the viola de gamba family. Has additional sympathetic strings.

Question 43

String Quartet

Answer 43

Joseph Haydn “Father of the String Quartet.” Chamber music played by 2 violins, a viola, and a cello. Same form as a symphony.

Question 44

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Answer 44

1756-1791
Child prodigy in Salzburg
Freelance musician in Vienna
-gave concerts
-composition: publishing, commissions (opera, keyboard, chamber, symphony, concerto, sacred)
-taught lessons
-chamber musician at Vienna court
Wrote 626 compositions

Question 45

First Movement Concerto Form

Answer 45

Sonata form except:
Extra intro exposition (staying in the tonic) with only orchestra accompaniment.
Cadenza (soloist only) in the recapitulation right before the closing.

Question 46

Types of Opera

Answer 46

opera seria (Italian serious opera)
opera buffa (Italian comic opera, uses ensemble numbers)
Singspiel (German opera, includes spoken dialogue)

Question 47

Classical Mass

Answer 47

Mass: ordinary mass (at every Catholic service)
Requiem mass: service for the dead