terms Flashcards
humanism
a non-theistic view centered on human agency, and a reliance on science and reason rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world
secular
the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion
patron
one who gives benefits to his clients
vernacular
using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language
the courtier
a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty
Raphael
Italian painter and architect who is regarded as one of the greatest of Renaissance artists
Donatello
one of greatest Italian Renaissance artists, noted especially for his sculptures in marble, bronze, and wood.
Leonardo da vinci
Italian Renaissance artist, architect, engineer, and scientist
Michelangelo
Italian artist, architect and poet, who is considered one of the greatest and most influential of all Renaissance figures
the prince
A short treatise on how to acquire power, create a state, and keep it, made by Machiavelli
Machiavelli
Florentine Renaissance-era philosopher, government/public official, and author
utopia
an ideal commonwealth whose inhabitants exist under seemingly perfect conditions.
William Shakespeare
English playwright, poet and actor
printing press
machine by which text and images are transferred from movable type to paper or other media by means of ink
Johannes Gutenberg
designed and built the first known mechanized printing press in Europe
indulgences
a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic Church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin.
reformation
religious movement to reform the Catholic Church and resulting in the formation of Protestant churches
protestant
a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500’s
martin luther
a 16th-century monk and theologian, was one of the most significant figures in Christian history. His beliefs helped birth the Reformation
Lutheran
branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms
peace of Augsburg
the religious resolution to a conflict started in 1517 by Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
annul
to make void or null; abolish; cancel; invalidate
Anglican
a particular Christian tradition born out of the Protestant Reformation in England (16th century)
Henry the 8th
king of france
Elizabeth 1st
Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603
predestination
the belief that God has predetermined who will receive salvation and who will not
john Calvin
French lawyer, theologian, and ecclesiastical statesman
theocracy
a form of government in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government’s daily affairs
the jesuits
a men’s religious order of priests and brothers
Ignatius of Loyola
a Spanish priest and theologian who founded the Jesuit order in 1534 and was one of the most influential figures in the Counter-Reformation
council of Trent
a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation.
god, glory and gold
“God” stands for the desire to spread and expand Christianity. “Glory” stands for greater power and a larger empire. And finally, “gold” stands for the attainment of gold, silver, and other precious stones for greater wealth
Bartholomew dais
Portuguese mariner and explorer
prince Henry
a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.
vasco de gama
Portuguese explorer and navigator, and the first person to sail directly from Europe to India
the ship - caravel
a small maneuverable sailing ship used in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean
Christopher Columbus
a navigator who explored the Americas under the flag of Spain
hernan cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
conquistador
a person who is out to conquer new territory. a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
Francisco Pizarro
conquered Peru and, after assassinating Emperor Atahualpa, conquered the Inca Empire and claimed its territories on behalf of the Spanish crow
encomienda
formal system of forced labor in Spanish colonies in Latin America and the Philippines, intended to encourage conquest and colonization
new france
the territory colonized by France in North America
jamestown
a former village on the James River in Virginia to the north of Norfolk
the pilgrims
a person who goes on a long journey often with a religious or moral purpose, and especially to a foreign land
the puritans
English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to rid the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices
the french and Indian war
the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years’ War
triangular trade
the three-legged route that made up the Atlantic slave trade. They were in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
middle passage
the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade.
Columbia exchange
the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to the Americas and vice versa
joint stock company
a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share of the company based on the amount that they’ve invested
