Terms

Question 1

What is Sympatric speciation?

Answer 1

A conflict between groups of species resulting in a speciation event (a population splits into sub-populations)

Question 2

What is Allopatric speciation?

Answer 2

A species is separated into sub-populations through forced circumstances such as continental drift.

Question 3

Why aren’t the proportions of producers and consumers equal?

Answer 3

There are more producers than consumers in the food chain because only 10% of the energy is passed on to the next energy level.

Question 4

What happens to the rest of the ecosystem if the top predator in the community dies off?

Answer 4

The prey species quickly degrade and over-run its habitat.

Question 5

How could an invasive species impact the balance of an ecosystem?

Answer 5

An invasive species can cause extinction, reduced biodiversity, competition for resources and the altering of habitats.

Question 6

What are biotic and abiotic factors?

Answer 6

Biotic: living things within an ecosystem (plants, animals, bacteria)
Abiotic: non-living components (soil, water, atmosphere)

Question 7

What is interspecific and intraspecific competition?

Answer 7

Interspecific: occurs between members of different species
Intraspecific: occurs between members of the same species

Question 8

Where and how does fungus get it’s nutrients?

Answer 8

Fungi feed through absorbing nutrients from the environment around them.

Question 9

By what process do hyphae give rise to the dikaryotic phase?

Answer 9

Plasmogamy

Question 10

By what cellular process are spores produced, and how are they dispersed?

Answer 10

Spores are produced via meiosis and are dispersed through raindrops and wind.

Question 11

How is the life cycle of a fungus similar to that of a land plant? How is it different?

Answer 11

They both produces spores through meiosis and produce a multicellular haploid structure.

Question 12

Why are genera like Penicillium considered to be ‘imperfect fungi’?

Answer 12

They are known as ‘imperfect fungi’ because only their asexual and vegetative phases are known.

Question 13

Why are Penicillium so good at contaminating food?

Answer 13

They are good at contaminating food because they are capable of growing at refrigeration temperatures.

Question 14

What is a symbiotic relationship?

Answer 14

The close associations created between pairs of species.
Example: parasitism and mutualism

Question 15

What are the two types of body cavities possible in triploblastic animals?

Answer 15

Coelom: The body is lined with mesoderm on both sides and the gut is supported by mesentery tissue and muscles.
Hemocoel: The body cavity is a space between the endodermal gut tube and the mesoderm body wall.

Question 16

What are triploblastic animals without a body cavity called?

Answer 16

Compact

Question 17

Why are Echinoderms in the clade Bilateria if they are are radially symmetric?

Answer 17

Their larval forms are bilaterally symmetric.

Question 18

How is being bilaterally symmetric adaptive to a sea cucumber’s lifestyle?

Answer 18

Allows them to move more efficiently.

Question 19

What is the general trend you see in skeletal features as tetrapod’s transitioned to land?

Answer 19

The limbs, pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle became larger for more muscle attachments, and additional flexibility. Additionally the limbs became longer and positioned more underneath the body to make movement on land more efficient.

Question 20

What is the general trend you see in organs as tetrapod’s transitioned to land?

Answer 20

Gills became lungs and more chambers were developed in the heart.

Question 21

What are the types of evolution?

Answer 21

Divergent-occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits to accommodate different environments.
Convergent-occurs when distantly related organisms evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.
Parallel-when independent species acquire similar traits while evolving together at the same time in the same eco-space.
Coevolution-reciprocal evolutionary changes bought by interactions between species.

Question 22

What are homologous, analogous and vestigial structures?

Answer 22

Homologous: similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor.
Analogous: features of different species that share the same function but not the same structure meaning that they have no common ancestors.
Vestigial: features of an organism that have lost most or all of their original function through evolution.