Terms Flashcards

Question

C. Julius Caesar

Answer 1

Roman general and statesman. He established the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus (60), and became consul in 59, obtaining command of the provinces of Illyricum, Cisalpine Gaul, and Transalpine Gaul. Between 58 and 51 he fought the Gallic Wars, subjugating Transalpine Gaul and defeating Vercingetorix, invading Britain (55–54). Resentment at this on the part of Pompey and other powerful Romans led to civil war; in 49 bc Caesar crossed the Rubicon into Italy, and next year Pompey was defeated at Pharsalia in Thessaly. Made dictator. ostility to Caesar's autocracy culminated in his murder on the Ides (15th) of March in a conspiracy led by Brutus and Cassius.

Answer 2

Brought forward the lex Gabinia in 67 BCE.

Answer 3

The first: 139 BCE. Introduces the secret ballot to all popular assemblies for the election of magistrates. The second: 67 BCE. Gives imperium for three years against pirates to Pompey (his power equal to that of proconsuls). Denounced by the Senate.

Answer 4

66 BC, proposed by G. Manilius. Set aside the assignments of Marcius and Acilius and extends Pompey's provincia (now Cilicia, Bithynia, and Pontus). Intended to finish the war with Mithridates. Pompey is also allowed to make peace, war, and alliances.

Answer 5

73-63 BC. The last and longest of the Mithridatic Wars. Lucius Licinius Lucullus led the initial phase of the war. Lucullus achieved significant successes against Mithridates' forces in Asia Minor, culminating in the capture of the Pontic capital, Sinope, in 70 BCE. Mithridates sought refuge in the court of Tigranes the Great, the King of Armenia. Senate recalled Lucullus in 66 BCE and appointed Pompey in his place. Pompey quickly achieved success, defeating Mithridates' forces and capturing the Pontic king's stronghold in the Kingdom of Pontus. The Third Mithridatic War marked the end of Mithridates VI's ambitions to challenge Roman power in the East and solidified Pompey's reputation as a successful military commander.

Answer 6

Military and political leader of the late Roman Republic (106–48 BCE). First gained recognition for successes in the Social War and the campaigns against the remnants of the followers of the rebel leader Spartacus. Part of the first triumvirate. Pompey's military prowess was evident in his campaigns against pirates in the Mediterranean and his victories in the East, including the conquest of the Kingdom of Pontus and the defeat of Mithridates VI. Despite his earlier alliance with Caesar, political tensions led to the breakdown of their relationship. The Senate, fearing the concentration of power in the hands of one individual, ordered Pompey to disband his armies. Ignoring this order, Pompey fled to Greece and engaged in a civil war against Caesar. In 48 BCE, Pompey suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Pharsalus. Assassinated after fleeing to Egypt.

Answer 7

Patrician, but not a recently distinguished one. In 63 BCE, Catiline made an unsuccessful bid for the consulship but lost to Cicero. Resorted to conspiratorial actions. In what became known as the Catilinarian Conspiracy, he plotted to overthrow the Roman Republic through a violent uprising, with support from disaffected nobles, debtors, and discontented allies. Cicero, serving as consul at the time, uncovered the conspiracy and delivered a series of famous speeches known as the "Catilinarian Orations" to denounce Catiline and protect the state. The Senate declared Catiline a public enemy, and he perished in battle in 62 BCE, bringing an end to the conspiracy.

Answer 8

A plot led by Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic. Fueled by political discontent, economic grievances, and personal ambition. Catiline's conspiracy targeted the social and political elite, intending to eliminate perceived adversaries and seize control of Rome. The conspiracy gained momentum as disenfranchised nobles, debtors, and individuals seeking political change joined Catiline's cause. Marcus Tullius Cicero, serving as consul at the time, uncovered the plot and delivered a series of four powerful speeches known as the "Catilinarian Orations". Catiline fled Rome. The Senate declared Catiline and his followers public enemies, leading to a series of confrontations between the conspirators and Roman forces. In 62 BCE, Catiline and a significant portion of his forces were defeated and killed in the Battle of Pistoria. The Catilinarian Conspiracy exposed deep-seated social and economic issues within the Roman Republic and highlighted the vulnerabilities of the political system.

Answer 9

A political alliance made up of Pompey, Caesar, Crassus. Each member brought unique strengths to the triumvirate, allowing them to mutually advance their political ambitions (Caesar: a charismatic military leader, sought political support and the opportunity to attain consulship; Pompey: a renowned military commander, sought ratification of his military campaigns in the East and political influence; Crassus: one of the wealthiest men in Rome, aimed to enhance his political standing and financial interests). The alliance was informal and based on mutual interests rather than any legal framework. Tensions arose b/c of personal rivalries and the Senate's growing concern over the concentration of power. Crassus's death in 53 BCE and the subsequent breakdown of the triumvirate's unity set the stage for the conflicts that would lead to the fall of the Roman Republic, culminating in the civil wars between Caesar and Pompey.

Answer 10

Caesar's daughter and wife of Pompey. After her death, the alliance between Caesar and Pompey began to disintegrate.

Answer 11

c. 102–48 BCE; was a Roman politician and statesman. Shared consulship in 59 BC with Julius Caesar. A staunch conservative and opponent of the First Triumvirate, sought to obstruct their legislative agenda, particularly land distribution and other populist measures.

Answer 12

Born c. 95 BC. A stoic statesman, orator, and political opponent of Julius Caesar during the late Roman Republic. Born into the distinguished Porcia gens, Cato exemplified the virtues of traditional Roman Republicanism and conservative principles. Held various offices, including quaestor, aedile, and praetor. Died by suicide in 46 BC after the defeat of Republican forces at the Battle of Thapsus.

Answer 13

Lex Julia agraria: 59 BC. he law aimed to address the issue of land distribution and landlessness in Rome. It called for the distribution of public land to the landless urban poor and war veterans. This land was often acquired through conquest or confiscated from those who had violated the maximum limit on land ownership. This is the law that Caesar started his consulship with. Lex campania: 59 BC. Added public lands in Campania for distribution.

Answer 14

Lex Vatinia de provincia Caesaris (de imperio caesaris), 59 BC: Gave Julius Caesar governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and of Illyricum for five years. Lex Vatinia de provincia Pompeii, 59 BC: Confirms Pompey's Eastern settlement. Scullard also mentions "He also paid Caesar's debt to Crassus by a measure which remitted one-third of their contract to the Asian tax-collectors" on page 98. I think that's the third one?

Answer 15

62 BC. The Bona Dea was a Roman religious festival dedicated to the goddess Bona Dea, and it was a women-only event held annually at the house of the sitting consul. The rite was being held by Pompeia, the wife of Julius Caesar. Clodius Pulcher was said to have intruded and disguised himself as a woman to gain access to the festival. His presence at the all-female gathering was considered a serious sacrilege and scandal, as men were strictly forbidden from participating in or even witnessing the rites of the Bona Dea. The incident led to a public scandal and legal proceedings. Caesar divorced his wife Pompeia, who was hosting the festival, saying that "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion." Clodius was put on trial for sacrilege, but he managed to escape conviction through political maneuvering and bribery.

Answer 16

A prominent and controversial Roman politician. Known for his flamboyant personality, political maneuvering, and involvement in scandalous events. Initially belonged to the patrician Claudii family but took the unusual step of undergoing a controversial adoption into a plebeian family, the plebeian Pulchri. This allowed him to pursue a political career as a tribune of the plebs, gaining support among the plebeian class. Most infamous actions was his role in the Bona Dea scandal in 62 BCE. Clodius also engaged in bitter political rivalries, particularly with Cicero. In 53 BCE, Clodius met a tragic end when he was killed in a street brawl between his supporters and those of Milo.

Answer 17

A political maneuver in ancient Rome where an individual from the patrician class sought to gain political support and influence by aligning themselves with the plebeians. Involved a patrician individual adopting a plebeian identity or attaching themselves to plebeian causes. An example of this is P. Clodius Pulcher.

Answer 18

7 laws. Proposed by Clodius Pulcher, 58 BC. (1) Lex Clodia de Auspiciis: repealed the leges Aeliae et Fufiae. (2) Lex Clodia de Censoribus: prescribed certain rules for the Roman Censors in exercising their functions as inspectors of public morals. (3) Lex Clodia de Civibus Romanis Interemptis: threatened punishment for anyone who offered fire and water to those who had executed Roman citizens without a trial. (4) Lex Clodia Frumentaria: required the distribution of grain to Rome's poor citizens for free. (5) Lex Clodia de Sodalitatibus: declared that certain clubs of a "semi-political nature" (i.e. armed gangs) were lawful. (6) Lex Clodia de Libertinorum Suffragiis: attempted to extend freedmen's (i.e. ex-slaves') voting rights. (7) Lex Clodia de Rege Ptolemaeo et de exsulibus Byzantinis: pertained to several of Rome's eastern provinces and vassal states.

Answer 19

55 BC. Granted a five year proconsulship: in Syria to Crassus, in Spain to Pompey.

Answer 20

55 BC. Caesar’s proconsulship in Gaul was extended for 5 years.

Answer 21

Son of the triumvir. Served under Julius Caesar in Gaul 58 to 56 BC. His promising career was cut short with his death in 53 BC on the Parthian campaign with his father. Crassus was left despondent.

Answer 22

Friend of Cicero. Tribune 57 BC worked for Cicero's recall from exile and, with Sestius, organized armed gangs to oppose those led by Clodius Pulcher. Violence continued for several years. Milo and Pulcher rose through the cursus honorum, prosecuting each other for 'vis'. Milo's slaves killed Clodius, in order to clear the way for Milo's candidacy for consul, which had been prevented by Clodius with the support of Pompey. Pompey, as sole consul, passed legislation that included a strict law on 'vis'. Milo was prosecuted. Cicero attempted to defended him in a speech (Pro Milone) but was intimidated by Pompey's soldiers. Sent to exile and died in a rebellion in Italy in 48 BC.

Answer 23

Defended by Cicero in Pro Caelio in a trial for public violence. Believed to have had an affair with Clodia (daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher).

Answer 24

Rather than have his enemies (from the civil war) killed, Caesar instead shows them mercy, or, clemency. All were impressed with his clemency, a marked difference from the proscriptions of Sulla.

Answer 25

Roman poet, best known for his love poetry. Believed to have had an affair with Clodia, referred to as Lesbia in his poetry.

Answer 26

A prominent Roman politician and military commander. Distinguished himself as cavalry commander under Gabinius in Palestine and Egypt (57–54). His military career gained momentum during the Gallic Wars under Julius Caesar, where he served as a cavalry commander. His association with Caesar deepened, and Antony became a key supporter of the dictator's political ambitions. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE, Antony aligned himself with the Second Triumvirate, a political alliance with Octavian and Lepidus. The triumvirs sought to avenge Caesar's death and eliminate his murderers. The alliance led to the proscription of many political enemies, including Cicero. Antony's relationship with Octavian gradually soured, and tensions between the two erupted into open conflict. The naval Battle of Actium in 31 BCE marked the decisive confrontation between Antony and Octavian. Antony's alliance with Cleopatra, the Queen of Egypt, further fueled hostilities. The defeat at Actium sealed Antony's fate, and he and Cleopatra both committed suicide in 30 BCE.

Answer 27

Censor 312 before holding other high office; consul 307 and 296, praetor 295: in the latter two years he fought in Etruria, Campania, and Samnium. In 280, now old and blind, he successfully opposed peace with Pyrrhus after the Roman defeat at Heraclea. Claudius was the first live personality in Roman history. As censor, he commissioned the building of the via Appia from Rome to Capua and the first aqueduct (aqua Appia). In drawing up the list of the senate he left out men regarded as superior to those included, even enrolling the sons of freedmen. He distributed the lower classes through all the rural tribes, thus increasing their influence in the tribal assembly; the move was reversed by the censors of 304.

Answer 28

Last Pharaoh/Queen of Egypt. 'Wife' of Marcus Antonius. Defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium 31 BC.

Answer 29

Son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra. Co-pharaoh with his mother. Died sometime in 30 BC after Actium.

Answer 30

In 44 BCE, Cassius was one of the conspirators involved in the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March. Cassius initially supported Julius Caesar, serving as a quaestor in 53 BCE. However, his stance shifted as tensions within the political landscape heightened. In 49 BCE, Cassius became a staunch and opponent of Caesar and joined the Optimates, the conservative senatorial faction. Cassius played a prominent role in the lead-up to the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE, where Caesar decisively defeated the forces of the Optimates. Following the battle, Cassius fled to the East, where he continued his resistance against Caesar's rule. He became a key figure in the Liberators' conspiracy, a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius who aimed to assassinate Caesar and restore the Roman Republic.

Answer 31

The Parthian shot describes a maneuver in which mounted archers, while in a rapid retreat, would turn their bodies and shoot arrows at the pursuing enemy. This tactic required a high level of skill and precision, as the archers needed to shoot accurately while riding away from their targets. The purpose of the Parthian shot was to harass and disrupt pursuing forces, making it difficult for them to retaliate effectively. Helped defeat Crassus' forces at the Battle of Carrhae.

Answer 32

Prominent Parthian military commander who played a significant role in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE. At the Battle of Carrhae, Surena utilized a combination of light cavalry, archers, and heavily armored cataphracts. The Parthians exploited their superior mobility and archery skills, harassing the Roman legions and avoiding direct confrontations. In a clever ruse, Surena managed to capture and kill the Roman envoy sent for negotiations. Crassus was forced into open battle. The Parthians executed a devastating cavalry charge, encircling and decimating the Roman forces. Crassus himself was killed, and the Roman defeat at Carrhae was one of the most humiliating in the history of the Roman Republic.

Answer 33

Germanic chieftain and military leader. Leader of the Suebi, a confederation of Germanic tribes, and is best known for his interactions with Caesar during the Gallic War. Invaded Gaul c.71 BC at the invitation of the Sequani, defeated the Aedui, and withstood a combined Gallic attempt to eject him. Initially recognized as an ally. Tensions arose between Ariovistus and Caesar. Ariovistus, who had settled in Gaul and gained influence over various Gallic tribes, became a source of concern for the Romans due to his growing power and influence. Caesar, who aimed to secure Roman control over Gaul, began to view Ariovistus as a threat. The conflict between Caesar and Ariovistus came to a head in the Battle of Vosges in 58 BCE. Caesar, concerned about Ariovistus's expansion and the potential threat to Roman interests, decisively defeated the Germanic chieftain.

Answer 34

Lived c. 100-45 BC. Roman military officer and statesman. Julius Caesar's most senior and trusted officer during a great part of the former's campaigns in Gaul from 58 to 49 BC. He had been tribune of the people in 63 (year of Cicero's consulship), and in order to please Caesar had prosecuted Rabirius, who was defended by Cicero. At the outbreak of civil war in 49, he joined Pompey and fought against Caesar until he was defeated and killed at the battle of Munda in 45.

Answer 35

Diviciacus held a position of authority within the Aedui, likely as a chief or leader, and was influential in both Gaul and Rome. He was an ally of Rome and played a crucial role in diplomatic relations between the Aedui and the Roman Republic. Dumnorix, the brother of Diviciacus, faced charges of conspiring against Roman interests. Diviciacus, who was a proponent of a pro-Roman policy, spoke in defense of Dumnorix in the Roman Senate, emphasizing the loyalty of the Aedui to Rome. Diviciacus also appears in Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico (portrayed as loyal ally to Caesar).

Answer 36

Anti- Roman brother of Divitiacus and, according to his enemies, a man of overweening ambition. Eclipsed by his brother, in 58 BC he struck at the pro-Roman Aedui by aiding the Helvetii, and was spared only at Divitiacus' request. Ordered in 54 to accompany Caesar to Britain, he refused and was cut down attempting to escape.

Answer 37

Roman statesman and military officer. He served as a tribune of the plebs in 50 BCE and later aligned himself with Caesar during the Roman Civil War. Curio played a role in securing Caesar's consulship for 48 BCE and subsequently served as a legate under Caesar. During the civil war, Curio was entrusted with the command of the Roman forces in Africa, where he faced off against the Pompeian forces led by Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia. Despite facing challenges, Curio achieved some initial success. However, he later suffered a defeat at the Battle of Utica in 49 BCE, leading to his death.

Answer 38

A Gallic chief of the Arverni. Prominent adversary of Caesar. In 52 BCE, facing Roman expansion in Gaul, Vercingetorix emerged as a charismatic and strategic leader who sought to unite various Gallic tribes against the common threat posed by Caesar and the Roman legions. He adopted a strategy of scorched-earth tactics, employing a "scorched earth" policy to deprive Caesar's forces of local resources. Temporarily halted Caesar's advance during the siege of Gergovia in 52 BCE. At the Battle of Alesia in 52 BCE marked the turning point in the Gallic Wars. Vercingetorix, realizing the dire situation, surrendered to Caesar to spare his people further suffering. He was taken captive and held in captivity for six years. Displayed in Caesar's triumph in 46 BC and subsequently executed.

Answer 39

The first legion levied personally by Caesar in 61 BC and was consistently his most trusted. The legion's discipline, loyalty, and effectiveness in battle earned it a reputation as one of the premier military units in the Roman army. Following Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE, the Tenth Legion remained a formidable force and continued to serve under various Roman leaders. Notably, it became a key element in the army of Octavian.

Answer 40

"Overseer of public morals". Caesar was appointed praefectus morum for three years in 46 BC.

Answer 41

"Parent of the homeland." Cicero was hailed parens patriae after the Catilinarian Conspiracy and Caesar was given the title after the Battle of Munda.

Answer 42

The temporary deputy of the absent king or consuls, not often needed after the institution of praetors, except once a year when all regular magistrates attended the Latin festival on the Alban Mount. The prefect had imperium at Rome, and in early times when he had real responsibility he was usually an ex-consul; later, men at the beginning of their public career were chosen.

Answer 43

"I came, I saw, I conquered". Plutarch writes that Caesar used it in a report to Amantius, a friend of his in Rome.

Answer 44

Son of Marcus Amelius Lepidus (Sullan era) and a member of the second triumvirate. Initially, he aligned himself with Julius Caesar, supporting him in the civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. Lepidus served as a cavalry commander in Caesar's army during the Gallic Wars. After 44 BC, joined forces with Mark Antony and Octavian. Lepidus held important military commands during the Triumvirate, particularly in the campaign against the forces of Sextus Pompey and the Perusine War. However, as tensions grew within the Triumvirate, Lepidus found himself overshadowed by the ambitions of Octavian and Antony. Following the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Lepidus fell out of favor with Octavian. While he retained some political positions, including the office of Pontifex Maximus, his influence waned. Lepidus spent his later years in relative obscurity and died around 13 BCE.

Answer 45

Roman statesman and military commander who belonged to the prominent Metelli and Scipiones families. During the civil war between Julius Caesar and the senatorial faction led by Pompey, he was a staunch supporter of the latter. He led troops against Caesar's forces, mainly in the battles of Pharsalus and Thapsus, where he was defeated. He later committed suicide.

Answer 46

Completed in 55 BC, it was the first permanent theatre to be built in Rome and a testament to Pompey's political and architectural ambitions. Situated in the Campus Martius, the theater was a massive structure capable of accommodating tens of thousands of spectators. It featured a large semicircular seating area, known as the cavea, rising in tiers and supported by a complex system of arches and vaults. incorporated elements of both Greek and Roman architectural traditions. The complex housed a temple dedicated to Venus Victrix, adding a religious dimension to the site. Pompey's Theater was not only a venue for theatrical performances but also served various political and social functions. It hosted gladiatorial contests, lectures, and other public events. The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE reportedly took place in a portico adjacent to the theater.

Answer 47

Located in the Roman Forum. Commissioned by the Roman censor Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 179 BCE and later restored and expanded by other members of the Aemilian family, the basilica served as a multifunctional space for legal, commercial, and civic activities. Rebuilt by Amelius Paullus (brother of Lepidus).

Answer 48

A building in the Campus Martius of Rome, where citizens gathered to cast votes. The building was conceived by Julius Caesar and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus took on the continuation of the Saepta Julia building project. Dedicated by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa in 26 BCE.

Answer 49

Initially dedicated in 46 BC by Julius Caesar, with building costs paid from the spoils of the Gallic War, and was completed by Augustus. As a legal venue, the Basilica Julia housed law courts and offices, making it a crucial center for the administration of justice. The expansive space also accommodated social and commercial activities, fostering a bustling atmosphere in the heart of the Roman Forum.

Answer 50

Senate-house. Named after Julius Caesar, who began its construction in 44 BCE, the curia was completed by his adopted son and successor, Augustus, in 29 BCE. The Curia Julia replaced the older Curia Hostilia, which had been destroyed by fire.

Answer 51

The Goddess from whom the Julia gens claims descent. "Genetrix" translates to "mother" or "progenitor," emphasizing Venus's role as a divine mother and progenitor. This aspect of Venus was particularly associated with her role in overseeing the continuity and prosperity of the Roman people through the establishment of family and lineage.

Answer 52

A Roman noblewoman and a member of the prominent gens Servilia. Half-sister of Cato the Younger. Mother of Junius Brutus. Caesar was her lover for many years and remained on good terms with her. She may have been discreetly involved in high politics before the Civil War, and after Caesar's death Cicero's letters show her playing a leading part in the tyrannicides' deliberations, always protecting her son's interests

Answer 53

Brutus. Son of Servilia and Marcus Junius Brutus and adopted son of Quintus Servilius Caepio. Leader of the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar, and enemy of Marcus Antonius; after defeat at the battle of Philippi he committed suicide.

Answer 54

Was daughter of Porcius Cato and wife first of Calpurnius Bibulus and from 45 BC of Brutus. She shared the political ideals of her father and her husbands, insisted on being let into the secret of the plot to murder Caesar, and took part with her mother‐in‐law Servilia in the conference of republicans at Antium on 8 June 44. When Brutus sailed for the east, she returned to Rome, where she fell ill and in the early summer of 43 took her own life.

Answer 55

Roman general and politician. Distant relative of Brutus and one of the assassins of Caesar. Served under Caesar in Gaul and distinguished himself by a naval victory over the Veneti in 56. He successfully commanded a Caesarian fleet at Massalia in 49, and was appointed governor of Transalpine Gaul. 44 BC, Decimus Brutus found his (earlier) allocation of the province of Cisalpine Gaul opposed by Antony and ordered by the Senate to release his province to Antony, but refused. Led to the Battle of Mutina.

Answer 56

Octavian. Born 63 BC. Grandnephew and adopted son of Caesar. He formed alliances with Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, leading to the establishment of the Second Triumvirate in 43 BCE. This alliance sought to avenge Caesar's murder and eliminate his murderers. The Triumvirs engaged in proscriptions, purging political enemies and securing their power. Defeated the forces of the senatorial faction led by Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE. Following the victory, the Triumvirs divided the Roman Republic among themselves. However, tensions arose between Octavian and Antony, leading to a rivalry that culminated in the famous naval Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. Octavian emerged victorious. In 27 BCE, Octavian formally returned power to the Roman Senate, presenting himself as the restorer of the Republic. The Senate, acknowledging his influence and military might, conferred upon him the titles "Augustus" and "Princeps," marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.

Answer 57

Served as consuls in 43 BC. Aulus Hirtius: Since c.54 an officer of Caesar, who sent him as envoy to Pompey in December 50. After Caesar's murder he was consul designate, and Cicero induced him to take up arms against Antony. With Octavian he raised Antony's siege of Mutina, but was killed in the victory, receiving with his colleague Pansa a public funeral. Hirtius added to Caesar's Gallic War an eighth book, and probably also wrote the Alexandrian War. Gaius Vibius Pansa: Roman general and politician. He served with Caesar in Gaul, defended his interests as tribune in 51 BC, governed Bithynia in 47–6 and Cisalpine Gaul in 45, and was designated by Caesar consul for 43. In March 43 he led four legions of recruits to join A. Hirtius against Antony. He was wounded in a preliminary engagement at Forum Gallorum near Mutina, and after the battle of Mutina he died.

Answer 58

Son of Pompeius Magnus. Upheld his father's cause. After the Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE, where the senatorial forces were defeated, Sextus Pompey turned to piracy, leveraging his naval prowess to control crucial maritime routes in the Mediterranean. His control over the seas posed a significant threat to Octavian's military and logistical operations. The conflict eventually led to the Treaty of Misenum in 39 BCE, providing a temporary respite, but tensions persisted. attle of Naulochus in 36 BCE saw Sextus Pompey's decisive defeat by Octavian's general, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Formed the last organized opposition to the Second Triumvirate.

Answer 59

43 BC. Established courts to prosecute the murders of Caesar.

Answer 60

43 BC. Established the 2nd Triumvirate. Makes the triumvirate a legal institution as opposed to the private arrangement of the first triumvirate.

Answer 61

Octavian, Marcus Antonius, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Legally established in 43 BC.

Answer 62

Wife of 1) Clodius Pulcher and 2) Marcus Antonius. Played a key role in the Perusine War.

Answer 63

Roman general. Augustus' close friend, adviser, and son‐in‐law, he played an important part in the naval victories over Mark Antony, and held commands in both western and eastern provinces of the empire .Agrippa was involved in several architectural and infrastructure projects during the reign of Augustus. Agrippa was responsible for the construction of the Aqua Julia, an aqueduct that supplied water to Rome. This was part of a larger effort to improve the city's water supply and infrastructure. Notably, he played a crucial role in the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, where the forces of Octavian, led by Agrippa, defeated those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, leading to Octavian's dominance in the Roman world.

Answer 64

40 BC. The agreement was forged between the two triumvirs, Octavian (later Augustus) and Mark Antony, following a period of strained relations and military confrontations. Meeting in the coastal city of Brundisium, the triumvirs sought to solidify their alliance and consolidate power. The treaty delineated spheres of influence and territories, with Octavian securing the western provinces and Antony the east.

Answer 65

Sister of Augustus, wife of Antony. The marriage alliance between Octavian and Antony's sister, Octavia, was a key provision that aimed to strengthen the fragile unity between the two leaders (provision of the Pact of Brundisium).

Answer 66

Son of Cleopatra and Marcus Antonius. Twin of Cleopatra Selene. What provinces were they given?

Answer 67

Daughter of Cleopatra and Marcus Antonius. Twin of Alexander Helios.

Answer 68

These proclamations granted territories and client kingdoms to the children he had with Cleopatra and recognized them as rulers. 34 BC: "Antony and Cleopatra, the latter robed as the goddess Isis, sat on high golden thrones, together with their children. To the assembled people Antony proclaimed that Caesarion (Ptolemy Caesar) was the legitimate son of Julius Caesar (thus by implication the adopted son, Octavian, was a usurper). 20 This boy, now proclaimed King of Kings, and his mother Cleopatra, Queen of Kings, were hailed as joint monarchs of Egypt and Cyprus. 21 Under them Antony's children were to govern parts of the empire: Alexander Helios received Armenia, Parthia and Media, Ptolemy Philadelphus Syria and Cilicia, and Cleopatra Selene Cyrenaica and Libya" (Scullard 142). Later cancelled by Octavian.

Answer 69

Grandson of the triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus. Roman consul in 30 BC, colleague of Octavian. He had successful campaigns in Macedonia and Thrace in 29–27 BC, for which he was denied customary military honors by Octavian: Octavian "...makes it clear that he cannot have the title of imperator (debated) or dedicate spolia opima in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, since he was fighting under Octavian's auspices" (handout, December 4th).

Answer 70

Tribunicial power. Refers to the rights granted to Rome’s tribuni plebis—including sacrosanctity. Augustus had this power for life.

Answer 71

Title given to Octavius in 27 BC. In 27 BCE, Octavian relinquished his extraordinary powers and officially returned control of the Roman state to the Senate and the Roman people. In recognition of his accomplishments and as a gesture of respect for traditional republican institutions, the Senate granted him various titles and honors.