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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The sum of all ecosystms

A

biosphere

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2
Q

The fundamental unit of all substances

A

atom

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3
Q

a group of single-celled or multi-celled individuals of a species in an area

A

population

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4
Q

Levels of life’s organizations from simplest to most complex

A

atom
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
multicellular organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere

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5
Q

A characteristic of a system that doesn’t appear in any system’s components is called an

A

emergent property

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6
Q

Living things sense and respond to change

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

Taxons:

A

domains
kingdoms
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
common name

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8
Q

Controlled by person

A

independent variable

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9
Q

influenced by independent variable

A

dependent variable

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10
Q

treated part of an experiment

A

experimental group

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11
Q

hypothesis that has survived years of testing

A

scientific theory

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12
Q

If all of life’s domains were 3 groups, they’d be

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryotic

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13
Q

smallest unit of life

A

cell

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14
Q

_ are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

atoms

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15
Q

number of protons in nucleus is called the

A

atomic number

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16
Q

_ are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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17
Q

total number of neutrons and protons in nucleus of isotope is

A

mass number

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18
Q

_ has neutral charge

A

neutrons

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19
Q

_ isotope with an unstable nucleus

A

radiotope

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20
Q

Pure element examples

A

aluminum, corn syrup, hydrogen

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

atoms that have unpaired electrons are

A

free radicals

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23
Q

zinc has _ electrons

A

30

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24
Q

A chemical bond in which strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge

A

Ionic bond

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25
Q

_ gives up hydrogen ions
less than 7 pH
high hydrogen ion concentration

A

acids

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26
Q

_ bind with hydrogen ions
greater than 7 pH
low concentration

A

base

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27
Q

_ measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms

A

electronegativity

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28
Q

__ 2 atoms share a pair of electrons
can be stronger than ionic bonds

A

Covalent bond

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29
Q

__ an attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond

A

hydrogen bond

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30
Q

_ bonds are weaker

A

hydrogen

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31
Q

_. soils are hydrophilic

A

ionic

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32
Q

the amount of a _ that is dissolved in a given volume of fluid is _

A

solute, concentration

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33
Q

_ molecules resist separating

A

cohesion

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34
Q

An _ gives up hydrogen in water - a _ accepts

A

acid, base

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35
Q

_ acids do not ionize completely in water

A

weak

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36
Q

_ can be made with radioisotopes

A

tracers

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37
Q

Charges:
protons are
electrons are
neutrons are

A

positive
negative
uncharged

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38
Q

substances that can dissolve other substances

A

solvent

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39
Q

Are not dangerous because they emit energy

A

free radicals

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40
Q

In order of increasing polarity:

A

non polar covalent
polar covalents
ionic

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41
Q

_ share electrons unequally in an polar covalent bond

A

atoms

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42
Q

1st orbital shell can hold up to _ electrons, all other shells can hold up to _ electrons

A

2, 8

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43
Q

_ outermost electrons have greater energy as compared to _

A

outer, inner

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44
Q

a liquid with high temperatures has more _ _

A

atomic motion

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45
Q

pH can only be measured in _

A

fluids

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46
Q

electrons are shared equally in a _ bond

A

hydrogen

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47
Q

_ in research is based on the predictable timing of radioactive decay

A

tracers

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48
Q

magnesium and magnesium chloride have _ _

A

ionic bonds

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49
Q

_ bonds are not used to form molecules

A

hydrogen

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50
Q

_ are a set of chemicals

A

buffers

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51
Q

_ are shared equally in a non polar covalent bond

A

electrons

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52
Q

atoms of different elements that bond together is a _

A

compound

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53
Q

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds is a good _

A

solvent

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54
Q

_ with mostly hydrogen and carbon are organic
-hydrocarbon molecule/nonpolar

A

compound

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55
Q

HDL is _ and LDL is _

A

good, bad

56
Q

_ is the simplest hydrocarbon
-1 carbon, 4 hydrogen atoms

A

methane

57
Q

_ group is an atom or small molecular group covalently bonded to a carbon atom organic compound

A

functional

58
Q

_ group (-OH) adds polar character to an organic compound
-increases ability to dissolve in water
-lots of sugars in this group

A

hydroxyl

59
Q

_ group adds non polar character, dampens effect of polar functional groups

A

methyl

60
Q

_ groups carry 2 carbons from one molecule to the other

A

acetyl

61
Q

_ groups make amino and fatty acids acidic

A

carboxyl

62
Q

amino and amide make _ bases basic
-metabolism

A

nucleotide

63
Q

aldehyde and ketone groups are parts of _ _

A

simple sugar

64
Q

Sygars, fartty acids, amino aids nucleotides, are _

A

monomers

65
Q

a molecule that consists of repeated monomers is a _

A

polymer

66
Q

enzymes remove monomers from polymers in a metabolic reaction called _

A

hydrolysis

67
Q

_ is when an enzyme joins one monomer to another

A

condensation

68
Q

_ organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a. 1:2:1 ratio
-all _ are either a sugar or a polymer made form sugar monomers called saccharides

A

carbohydrates

69
Q

_ (one) simplest carbohydrate
-5-6 carbon atoms
-1 carbonyl group (-c=0)b=2 or more hydroxyl groups (-OH)
-move daily through water
-breaks bonds of glucose (6 carbons)
-used as structural material
0monomers

A

monosaccharides

70
Q

_ and _ are 5 carbons

A

ribose, deoxyribose

71
Q

_ are short chains of covalently bonded monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

72
Q

glucose + fructose = _

A

disaccharide

73
Q

_ chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
-all contain completely glucose monomers

A

polysaccharides

74
Q

_ has long, crosslinked hydrogen bonds, straight chains of covalently bonded glucose monomers
-most abundant organic molecule
-structural material of plants
-insoluble

A

cellulose

75
Q

_ different covalent bonding pattern between glucose monomers makes a chain coil into a spiral
-doesn’t easily dissolve into water
-stores sugars
-hydrolysis enzymes break bond between starch’s glucose monomers

A

starch

76
Q

_ is the form animals store sugar in
-polysaccharide

A

glycogen

77
Q

_ has chains of nitrogen-full sugar monomers linked by hydrogen bonds
-durable, translucent, flexible
-reinforces cell wall of fungi and strengthens outer wall of animals

A

chitin

78
Q

_ are hydrophobic

A

lipids

79
Q

_ acids small organic molecule consist of long hydrocarbon tails with carboxyl head
-tail is hydrophobic
-head is hydrophilic

A

fatty

80
Q

_ acids have single bonds linking carbons in tails

A

saturated fatty

81
Q

_ are formed by three fatty acids bonded to the same glycerol form
-entirely hydrophobic
-richest energy source
-a far is a tro molecule

A

triglycerides

82
Q
  • fat has three saturated fatty acid tails
A

saturated

83
Q

_ have two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group -majority in a cell membrane

A

phospholipids

84
Q

_ are lipids with no fatty acid tails
-backbone with 20 carbon atom
-cholesterol is the most common
-estrogene and testosterone

A

steroids

85
Q

_ is water-repellent made of varying mixes of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols
-protect, lubricate, soften skin and nails

A

wax

86
Q

_ is a molecule of one-two chains of one or more amino acids

A

protein

87
Q

_ small organic compound with amine group (-N+H2), a carboxyl group (-COOH, the acid) and 1/20 “R groups)

A

amino acids

88
Q

_ bond that link amino acid in protein is a peptide bond

A

covalent

89
Q

_ amino acid chain is peptide, longer is polypeptide

A

short

90
Q

_ move substances, help cells communicate, defend body

A

proteins

91
Q

_ which is when a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

A

denaturation

92
Q

_ is an infectious protein

A

prion

93
Q

changes in a protein’s _ may alter its function

A

structure

94
Q

_ are smaller organic molecules function as energy carriers
-the moons is 5 carbon sugar, ribose or deoxyribose. Base is 1/5 small compounds with a flat ring

A

nucleotides

95
Q

_ are polymers, chains of nucleotides
-an RNA is single, chain of nucleotide monomer, one is ATP

A

Nucleic acid

96
Q

_ are the monomers of nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

97
Q

_ are nucleic acids that carry out protein synthesis

A

RNA

98
Q

_ works with energy currency in cells

A

ATP

99
Q

_ - stores and transports energy
_ - encodes heritable info
_ - plays role in protein synthesis

A

ATP
DNA
RNA

100
Q

H
H-C-H. this is an
H

A

organic molecule

101
Q

O=N=O is a

A

inorganic molecule

102
Q

O O
\/
o
+
H-o-H
|
v
O. O
\ /
OH+HO

A.
B.
C.

A

one poly
water
2 poly

example of hydrolysis
molecule is splitting

103
Q

Group of lips w/triglycerides -
polarity helps form cell membrane -
covers plants -
rigid carbon rings -

A

fat
phospholipids
wax
steroid

104
Q

Glycine-Serine-Lysine-Valine
what holds these together

A

peptides

105
Q

the S molecule picture

A

spilts another organc molecule
-causes protein to unfold,
-can change shape
- heat, pH, detergents
-term used for process is denaturing

106
Q

_ acids make up of individual nucleotides

A

nucleic

107
Q

Nucleic acids are

A

polymers

108
Q

nucleotides are

A

monomers

109
Q

carbon has the ability to form _ bonds

A

4

110
Q

Comprose carbohydrate polymers with same monomer unit

A

cellulose-starch

111
Q

_ lacks fatty acid tail

A

steroid

112
Q

_ gives unique feature to different organic molecules

A

functional group

113
Q

_ forms main chain of organic molecules

A

carbon

114
Q

_ is the type of reaction cells use to combine smaller monomers into larger functional polymers

A

condensation

115
Q

all nucleic acids contain a _ _

A

phosphate group

116
Q

main component of eularyotic member us _

A

phospholipid

117
Q

_ is energy-storage molecule in humans

A

glycogen

118
Q

denaturing a protein affects _, _, _

A

second, teritary, final shape

119
Q

_ determine type of protein

A

amino acid composition

120
Q

Products and components to other products are made on complex conveyor belts that run along the factory floor. There are two types of conveyor belts in this factory. One type of conveyor belt has many complex machines working along it; the machines are very efficient but only make a few types of products. This type of conveyor belt represents the

A

rough er

121
Q

The other type of conveyor belt does not have any of those machines. Instead, the second type of conveyor belt takes some of the completed products from the first type of conveyor belt and uses them to process a wider variety of products. This type of conveyor belt represents the

A

smooth er

122
Q

Completed products that have to leave the factory are sent to the shipping department. There they are checked for quality and packed into boxes, which will carry them out of the factory. The shipping department represents the

A

Golgi body

123
Q

When products and materials need to be moved around the factory, they are placed into boxes for more efficient transport. These transport boxes represent

A

vesicles

124
Q

Normal operations of the factory create a certain amount of factory waste. In addition, at times trash accidentally comes in from outside. The factory deals with waste by dumping it all into incinerators, which burn and break down unwanted materials. These trash incinerators represent

A

Lysosomes

125
Q

All of the work in the factory does not happen on its own. The factory workers get their instructions on what to make next and how much to make on the machines from the boss. The boss sits in an office and rarely comes down to the factory floor. The boss’s office represents the

A

nucleus

126
Q

In eukaryotic cells, _ are organelles that create ATP molecules, which provide power for the cell.

A

mitochondria

127
Q

Chloroplasts use sunlight to create _ , which provide power for the creation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

A

ATP molecules

128
Q

T or F
Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but plant cells have chloroplasts instead of mitochondria.

A

False

129
Q

Microtubule, is cylindrical in shape

A

involved in moving cell parts or the whole cell

130
Q

Microfilaments

A

Reinforce the shape of cells

131
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

structurally supports cell membranes and tissues

132
Q

This organism is moving through the use of

A

pseudopods

133
Q

Which of the following statements describes how, in this case, the cytoskeleton helps move the cell?

A

Microfilaments elongate to push a lobe forward, and motor proteins drag the rest of the cell along behind.

134
Q

Many different types of cell junctions connect cells with other cells and with their environment. One type of cell junction is , which allows the cell to directly exchange ions and small molecules with neighboring cells.

A

gap

135
Q

In multicelled organisms, most cells are surrounded by a mixture of molecules called the extracellular matrix. For example, in plants, a waxy extracellular matrix called a _ Correct helps protect exposed surfaces of the plant and _

A

cuticle, limits water loss

BIO 101 (1 decks)

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