Terms Flashcards
The sum of all ecosystms
biosphere
The fundamental unit of all substances
atom
a group of single-celled or multi-celled individuals of a species in an area
population
Levels of life’s organizations from simplest to most complex
atom
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
multicellular organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
A characteristic of a system that doesn’t appear in any system’s components is called an
emergent property
Living things sense and respond to change
homeostasis
Taxons:
domains
kingdoms
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
common name
Controlled by person
independent variable
influenced by independent variable
dependent variable
treated part of an experiment
experimental group
hypothesis that has survived years of testing
scientific theory
If all of life’s domains were 3 groups, they’d be
archaea, bacteria, eukaryotic
smallest unit of life
cell
_ are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons
atoms
number of protons in nucleus is called the
atomic number
_ are atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
isotopes
total number of neutrons and protons in nucleus of isotope is
mass number
_ has neutral charge
neutrons
_ isotope with an unstable nucleus
radiotope
Pure element examples
aluminum, corn syrup, hydrogen
atoms that have unpaired electrons are
free radicals
zinc has _ electrons
30
A chemical bond in which strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge
Ionic bond
_ gives up hydrogen ions
less than 7 pH
high hydrogen ion concentration
acids
_ bind with hydrogen ions
greater than 7 pH
low concentration
base
_ measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms
electronegativity
__ 2 atoms share a pair of electrons
can be stronger than ionic bonds
Covalent bond
__ an attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
hydrogen bond
_ bonds are weaker
hydrogen
_. soils are hydrophilic
ionic
the amount of a _ that is dissolved in a given volume of fluid is _
solute, concentration
_ molecules resist separating
cohesion
An _ gives up hydrogen in water - a _ accepts
acid, base
_ acids do not ionize completely in water
weak
_ can be made with radioisotopes
tracers
Charges:
protons are
electrons are
neutrons are
positive
negative
uncharged
substances that can dissolve other substances
solvent
Are not dangerous because they emit energy
free radicals
In order of increasing polarity:
non polar covalent
polar covalents
ionic
_ share electrons unequally in an polar covalent bond
atoms
1st orbital shell can hold up to _ electrons, all other shells can hold up to _ electrons
2, 8
_ outermost electrons have greater energy as compared to _
outer, inner
a liquid with high temperatures has more _ _
atomic motion
pH can only be measured in _
fluids
electrons are shared equally in a _ bond
hydrogen
_ in research is based on the predictable timing of radioactive decay
tracers
magnesium and magnesium chloride have _ _
ionic bonds
_ bonds are not used to form molecules
hydrogen
_ are a set of chemicals
buffers
_ are shared equally in a non polar covalent bond
electrons
atoms of different elements that bond together is a _
compound
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds is a good _
solvent
_ with mostly hydrogen and carbon are organic
-hydrocarbon molecule/nonpolar
compound
HDL is _ and LDL is _
good, bad
_ is the simplest hydrocarbon
-1 carbon, 4 hydrogen atoms
methane
_ group is an atom or small molecular group covalently bonded to a carbon atom organic compound
functional
_ group (-OH) adds polar character to an organic compound
-increases ability to dissolve in water
-lots of sugars in this group
hydroxyl
_ group adds non polar character, dampens effect of polar functional groups
methyl
_ groups carry 2 carbons from one molecule to the other
acetyl
_ groups make amino and fatty acids acidic
carboxyl
amino and amide make _ bases basic
-metabolism
nucleotide
aldehyde and ketone groups are parts of _ _
simple sugar
Sygars, fartty acids, amino aids nucleotides, are _
monomers
a molecule that consists of repeated monomers is a _
polymer
enzymes remove monomers from polymers in a metabolic reaction called _
hydrolysis
_ is when an enzyme joins one monomer to another
condensation
_ organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a. 1:2:1 ratio
-all _ are either a sugar or a polymer made form sugar monomers called saccharides
carbohydrates
_ (one) simplest carbohydrate
-5-6 carbon atoms
-1 carbonyl group (-c=0)b=2 or more hydroxyl groups (-OH)
-move daily through water
-breaks bonds of glucose (6 carbons)
-used as structural material
0monomers
monosaccharides
_ and _ are 5 carbons
ribose, deoxyribose
_ are short chains of covalently bonded monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
glucose + fructose = _
disaccharide
_ chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers
-cellulose, starch, glycogen
-all contain completely glucose monomers
polysaccharides
_ has long, crosslinked hydrogen bonds, straight chains of covalently bonded glucose monomers
-most abundant organic molecule
-structural material of plants
-insoluble
cellulose
_ different covalent bonding pattern between glucose monomers makes a chain coil into a spiral
-doesn’t easily dissolve into water
-stores sugars
-hydrolysis enzymes break bond between starch’s glucose monomers
starch
_ is the form animals store sugar in
-polysaccharide
glycogen
_ has chains of nitrogen-full sugar monomers linked by hydrogen bonds
-durable, translucent, flexible
-reinforces cell wall of fungi and strengthens outer wall of animals
chitin
_ are hydrophobic
lipids
_ acids small organic molecule consist of long hydrocarbon tails with carboxyl head
-tail is hydrophobic
-head is hydrophilic
fatty
_ acids have single bonds linking carbons in tails
saturated fatty
_ are formed by three fatty acids bonded to the same glycerol form
-entirely hydrophobic
-richest energy source
-a far is a tro molecule
triglycerides
- fat has three saturated fatty acid tails
saturated
_ have two long hydrocarbon tails and a head with a phosphate group -majority in a cell membrane
phospholipids
_ are lipids with no fatty acid tails
-backbone with 20 carbon atom
-cholesterol is the most common
-estrogene and testosterone
steroids
_ is water-repellent made of varying mixes of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols
-protect, lubricate, soften skin and nails
wax
_ is a molecule of one-two chains of one or more amino acids
protein
_ small organic compound with amine group (-N+H2), a carboxyl group (-COOH, the acid) and 1/20 “R groups)
amino acids
_ bond that link amino acid in protein is a peptide bond
covalent
_ amino acid chain is peptide, longer is polypeptide
short
_ move substances, help cells communicate, defend body
proteins
_ which is when a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
denaturation
_ is an infectious protein
prion
changes in a protein’s _ may alter its function
structure
_ are smaller organic molecules function as energy carriers
-the moons is 5 carbon sugar, ribose or deoxyribose. Base is 1/5 small compounds with a flat ring
nucleotides
_ are polymers, chains of nucleotides
-an RNA is single, chain of nucleotide monomer, one is ATP
Nucleic acid
_ are the monomers of nucleic acid
nucleotides
_ are nucleic acids that carry out protein synthesis
RNA
_ works with energy currency in cells
ATP
_ - stores and transports energy
_ - encodes heritable info
_ - plays role in protein synthesis
ATP
DNA
RNA
H
H-C-H. this is an
H
organic molecule
O=N=O is a
inorganic molecule
O O
\/
o
+
H-o-H
|
v
O. O
\ /
OH+HO
A.
B.
C.
one poly
water
2 poly
example of hydrolysis
molecule is splitting
Group of lips w/triglycerides -
polarity helps form cell membrane -
covers plants -
rigid carbon rings -
fat
phospholipids
wax
steroid
Glycine-Serine-Lysine-Valine
what holds these together
peptides
the S molecule picture
spilts another organc molecule
-causes protein to unfold,
-can change shape
- heat, pH, detergents
-term used for process is denaturing
_ acids make up of individual nucleotides
nucleic
Nucleic acids are
polymers
nucleotides are
monomers
carbon has the ability to form _ bonds
4
Comprose carbohydrate polymers with same monomer unit
cellulose-starch
_ lacks fatty acid tail
steroid
_ gives unique feature to different organic molecules
functional group
_ forms main chain of organic molecules
carbon
_ is the type of reaction cells use to combine smaller monomers into larger functional polymers
condensation
all nucleic acids contain a _ _
phosphate group
main component of eularyotic member us _
phospholipid
_ is energy-storage molecule in humans
glycogen
denaturing a protein affects _, _, _
second, teritary, final shape
_ determine type of protein
amino acid composition
Products and components to other products are made on complex conveyor belts that run along the factory floor. There are two types of conveyor belts in this factory. One type of conveyor belt has many complex machines working along it; the machines are very efficient but only make a few types of products. This type of conveyor belt represents the
rough er
The other type of conveyor belt does not have any of those machines. Instead, the second type of conveyor belt takes some of the completed products from the first type of conveyor belt and uses them to process a wider variety of products. This type of conveyor belt represents the
smooth er
Completed products that have to leave the factory are sent to the shipping department. There they are checked for quality and packed into boxes, which will carry them out of the factory. The shipping department represents the
Golgi body
When products and materials need to be moved around the factory, they are placed into boxes for more efficient transport. These transport boxes represent
vesicles
Normal operations of the factory create a certain amount of factory waste. In addition, at times trash accidentally comes in from outside. The factory deals with waste by dumping it all into incinerators, which burn and break down unwanted materials. These trash incinerators represent
Lysosomes
All of the work in the factory does not happen on its own. The factory workers get their instructions on what to make next and how much to make on the machines from the boss. The boss sits in an office and rarely comes down to the factory floor. The boss’s office represents the
nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, _ are organelles that create ATP molecules, which provide power for the cell.
mitochondria
Chloroplasts use sunlight to create _ , which provide power for the creation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
ATP molecules
T or F
Eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but plant cells have chloroplasts instead of mitochondria.
False
Microtubule, is cylindrical in shape
involved in moving cell parts or the whole cell
Microfilaments
Reinforce the shape of cells
Intermediate filaments
structurally supports cell membranes and tissues
This organism is moving through the use of
pseudopods
Which of the following statements describes how, in this case, the cytoskeleton helps move the cell?
Microfilaments elongate to push a lobe forward, and motor proteins drag the rest of the cell along behind.
Many different types of cell junctions connect cells with other cells and with their environment. One type of cell junction is , which allows the cell to directly exchange ions and small molecules with neighboring cells.
gap
In multicelled organisms, most cells are surrounded by a mixture of molecules called the extracellular matrix. For example, in plants, a waxy extracellular matrix called a _ Correct helps protect exposed surfaces of the plant and _
cuticle, limits water loss
