Terms Flashcards
Analgesia
Loss of sensitivity to pain
Anesthesia
A loss of sensation
Balanced Anesthesia
Maximizes benefits, minimizes adverse effects, and gives the anesthetist the ability to produce anesthesia with the degree of CNS depression, muscle relaxation, analgesia, and immobilization appropriate for the patient and the procedure
Epidural anesthesia
Used to provide pain control of the hindquarters and pelvic region
General anesthesia
A reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation throughout the entire body produced by administration of one or more anesthetic agents
Hypnosis
Drug-induced sleep-like state that impairs the ability of the patient to respond appropriately to stimuli
Local anesthesia
Loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest
Narcosis
A drug-induced sleep from which the patient is not easily aroused and is most often associated with the administration of narcotics
Noxious
Painful or physically harmful
Regional anesthesia
The loss of sensation in a limited area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic or other agent in proximity to sensory nerves
Sedation
A drug-induced CNS depression and drowsiness that vary in intensity from light to deep
Surgical anesthesia
A specific stage of general anesthesia in which there is a sufficient degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery to be performed without patient pain or movement
Therapeutic index
Dose range which a medication is effective without unwanted adverse effects
Topical anesthesia
The loss of sensation of a localized area produced by administration of a local anesthetic directly to a body surface or to a surgical or traumatic wound
Tranquilization
A drug-induced state of calm in which the patient is reluctant to move and is aware of but unconcerned about its surroundings
Auscultation
The act of listening to sounds made by internal organs with a stethoscope, especially the heart and lungs
Body condition score
A numeric assessment of the patient’s body weight compared with the ideal body weight
Borborygmus
Intestinal noises audible with or without a stethoscope, caused by gas moving through the Intestinal tract
Cachexia
Weight loss, loss of muscle mass, and general debilitation that may accompany chronic diseases
Cardiac output (CO)
Total blood flow from the heart per unit time
Colloids
Large-molecular-weight plasma proteins that provide oncotic pressure
Comatose
In a sleeplike state
Unresponsive to all stimuli, including pain
Consent form
A form signed by a client that confirms the client has understood the nature of the procedure and associated risks
Constant rate infusion (CRI)
Slow continuous administration of a drug at a rate sufficient to achieve the desired effect
Crystalloids
Fluids that contain water and small-molecular-weight salutes (such as NaCl) and that pass freely through vascular endothelium
Cyanosis
Blue discoloration of the mucous membranes
Dead space
The breathing passages and tubes that convey fresh oxygen from the source to the alveoli, but in which no gas exchange can occur
Debilitated
Lacking strength; weak
Drip rate
Dyspneic
Difficult or labored breathing
Ecchymoses
Large bruises
Discolorations of the skin or mucous membranes caused by leakage of blood into the tissues
Extra-label drug use
The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions
Gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV)
A dangerous gastrointestinal condition, occurring primarily in deep-chested large breed dogs, in which the stomach swells with air and twists on its long axis, leading to shock, loss of blood supply, and other serious consequences
Homeostasis
A constant rate within the body created and maintained by normal physiologic processes
Hypercarbia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Hypotension
Low blood pressure; the opposite of hypertension
Hypothermia
Low body temperature; the opposite of hypothermia
Hypoxemia
Low blood oxygen level
Ileus
Intestinal obstruction caused by inhibition of bowel motility; also referred to as gastrointestinal stasis
Infusion rate
The rate at which fluids should be administered expressed in millimeters per unit time
Usually mL/hr
Inotrophy
Force of heart muscle contraction
Intact
Possessing gonads
Not spayed or neutered
Lethargic
Depressed but able to be aroused with minimal difficulty
Level of consciousness
The patient’s responsiveness to stimuli
How easily a patient can be aroused
Often used to assess brain function
Macrodrip
A fluid administration set that delivers fluids at a rate of 10 or 15 drops per mL
Usually used for infusion rates equal to or more than 100 mL/hr
Microdrip
A fluid administration set that delivers fluids at a rate of 60 drops per mL
Generally used for infusion rates less than 100 mL/hr
Minimum patient database
A compilation of pertinent info from the patient history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests
Used to diagnose and manage a case
Miosis
Constriction of the pupil of the eye
Opposite of mydriasis
Moribund
Near death
Obtunded
Depressed and unable to be fully aroused
Oncotic pressure
Osmotic pressure provided by large-molecular-weight colloids such as albumin
Petechiae
Small or pinpoint purple discolorations of the skin of mucous membrane resulting from hemorrhage
Smaller than purpura
Physical status classification
A graded assessment of a patient’s physical condition
Used to plan patient management prior to administering anesthetics and to gauge patient risk
Purpura
Purple discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane caused by hemorrhage
Larger than petechiae
Regurgitation
Flow of stomach contents into the esophagus and mouth unaccompanied by retching
Reproductive status
Whether or not the patient has been spayed or castrated
Solutes
An atom or molecule dissolved in body water
Signalment
The species, breed, age, sex, and reproductive status of a patient
Sloughing
Separation of dead tissue from surrounding live tissue in a wound
Stridor
Noisy breathing caused by turbulent air flow in the upper stairways
Stuperous
In a sleeplike state. Can be aroused only with painful stimulation
Syncope
Fainting episodes caused by brain hypoxia
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
Vasodilation
Dilation of the blood vessels; opposite of vasoconstriction
Vesicants
Drugs that damage tissues if injected perivascularly
Anesthetic chambers
Anesthetic mask
Anesthetic vaporizer
Vaporizes liquid inhalant anesthetic and mixes it with the carrier gases
Asphyxiation
The act of cutting off the supply of oxygen (suffocation)
Atelectasis
Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs
Ayre’s T-piece
A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet entering at the patient end of the breathing tube at a 90° angle and without a reservoir bag at the opposite end of the breathing tube
Bain coaxial circuit
A non-rebreathing circuit with a “tube within a tube” configuration that discharges fresh gas at the patient end of the breathing tube
Breathing circuit
Carries gases and inhalant anesthetic to the patient and removes exhaled carbon dioxide
Breathing tubes
Corrugated tubes that complete a rebreathing circuit by carrying the anesthetic gases to and from the patient
Carbon dioxide absorber canister
The part of a rebreathing circuit that holds the carbon dioxide absorbent granules
Closed rebreathing system
A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is kept nearly or completely closed and the flow of oxygen is relatively low, providing only the volume necessary to meet the patient’s metabolic needs
Common gas outlet
The point where the oxygen, inhalant anesthetic, and N2O, if used, exit the anesthetic machine on the way to the breathing circuit
Compressed gas cylinders
Contains carrier gases in a highly pressurized states for practical use
Endotracheal tube
A flexible tube placed inside the trachea of an anesthetized patient that provides anesthetic gas and oxygen directly into the lungs
Flowmeter
Vertical.gas cylinder of graduated diameter with a valve attached to the bottom
Fresh gas inlet
The point at which the carrier and anesthetic gases enter the breathing circuit
Jackson-Rees circuit
A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet at the patient end of the breathing tube and a reservoir bag at the opposite end
The fresh gas inlet enters the breathing tube at a 45° to 90° degree angle
Lack circuit
A non-rebreathing circuit with the fresh gas inlet, the overflow valve, and the reservoir bag located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube
Laryngoscope
A device used to provide visibility of the larynx when placing an ET tube
Line pressure gauge
Indicates the pressure in the intermediate-pressure gas line between the pressure-reducing valve and the flowmeters
Magill circuit
A non-rebreathing circuit with an overflow valve at the patient end of the breathing tube
The fresh gas inlet and the reservoir bag are located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube
Mapleson classification system
A system developed by W. W. Mapleson that classifies non-rebreathing circuits based on the position of the fresh gas inlet, the reservoir bag, and the pressure-limiting valve
Non-rebreathing system
An anesthetic machine with a non-rebreathing circuit where little or no exhaled gases are returned to the patient but are instead removed from the circuit by use of appropriately high flow rates of carrier gas and evacuated by a scavenger connected to a pressure-limiting valve or other exit port
Norman mask elbow
A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet at the patient end of the breathing tube and a reservoir bag at the opposite end
The fresh gas inlet enters the breathing tube at a 45° to 90° degree angle, and the endotracheal tube connector is at right angles to the breathing tube
Oxygen flush valve
A button or lever that rapidly delivers a large volume of pure oxygen directly to the common gas outlet or breathing circuit of a rebreathing system, bypassing the anesthetic vaporizer and oxygen flow meters
Pop-off valve
The point of exit of anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit
Pressure manometer
A gaige that indicates the pressure of the gases within the breathing circuit, and by extension, the pressure in the animal’s airways and lungs
Pressure-reducing valve
A valve that reduces the pressure of a compressed gas to a constant safe operating pressure of 40 to 50 psi regardless of pressure changes within the tank
Rebreathing system
Am anesthetic machine fitted with a rebreathing circuit
In this system, exhaled gases minur carbon dioxide are recirculated and rebreathed by the patient, along with variable amounts of fresh oxygen and anesthetic
Reservoir bag
A rubber or plastic bag that serves as a flexible storage reservoir for expired and inspired gases
Allows observation of respirations, proper endotracheal tube placement, and ventilation of the patient
Respiratory minute volume (RMV)
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute
Todal volume is multiplied by the respiratory rate
Scavenging system
Disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gas
Semi-closed rebreathing system
A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is positioned partially open, and the flow of oxygen is relatively high, providing more volume than is necessary to meet the patient’s metabolic needs
Tank pressure gauge
Device that indicates the pressure of gas remaining in a compressed gas cylinder
Tidal volume
The volume of a normal breath
Unidirectional valves
The inspiratory valve or expiratory valve of the rebreathing circuit, which controls the direction of gas flow through a rebreathing circuit as the patient breathes
Vaporizer-in-circuit (VIC)
A vaporizer that is located in the breathing circuit, such as nonprecision vaporizers
Vaporizer-out-of-circuit (VOC)
A vaporizer in which carrier gas from the flow meters flows into the vaporizer before entering the breathing circuit, such as precision vaporizers
Activated charcoal cartridge
A type of passive scavenging system, consisting of a canister containing activated charcoal, designed to remove halogenated anesthetic agents from gases exiting from the pop-off or pressure-limiting valve of a breathing circuit
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
conducts research and makes recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Works to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance
Scavenging system
The anesthetic machine system that disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gases outside of the building, so that inhalation by occupationally exposed individuals is minimized
Waste anesthetic gases
Any inhalation anesthetic (including isoflurane, other halogenated compounds, and nitrous oxide) that is breathed out by the patient or that escapes from the anesthetic machine
Algesia
Sensitivity to pain
Distress
An extreme form of stress that leads to anxiety and suffering
Emergence delirium
Disorientation that occurs during anesthetic recovery as consciousness returns
May be characterized by vocalization, aggression, thrashing, and locomotor activity
Idiopathic
Pain of unknown or unidentifiable cause
Locomotor
Relating to movement from place to place
Mediators
Chemical substances released from damaged cells or inflammatory cells that cause a response (such as increasing the sensitivity of peripheral pain receptors)
Modulation
The third step in nociception, in which sensory nerve impulses are amplified or suppressed by other neurons
Morbidity
The incidence of disease
Mortality
The death rate
Multimodal therapy
Treatment of pain with analgesics that target two or more types of pain receptors
Neuropathic
Pain resulting from injury of a nerve
Nociception
Detection by the nervous system of the potential for or actual tissue injury
Pain
An aversive sensory and emotional experience that elicits protective motor actions, results in learned avoidance, and may modify species-specific behavior
Pain scales
Any assessment tool used to rate the intensity of pain
Pathologic pain
Pain that is amplified and persistent due to malfunction of or damage to the nervous system and is maladaptive because it serves no useful functioning but causes suffering
Perception
The final step of nociception in which sensory impulses are transmitted to the brain where they are processed and recognized
Peripoerative analgesia
Pain control before and/or after surgery
Physiologic pain
The protective sensation of pain that normally occurs when there is a possibility of or actual tissue injury
Preemptive analgesia
Provision of analgesia before tissue injury, including surgery
Primary hyperalgesia (peripheral hypersensitivity)
Increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus that occurs when the threshold of the peripheral pain receptors is lowered as a result of injury to peripheral tissues
Secondary hyperalgesia (CNS Hypersensitivity)
A state, caused by constant nociceptive input from the periphery, in which neurons in the spinal cord become hyperexcitable and sensitive to low-intensity stimuli that would not normally elicit a pain response
Also known as windup
Somatic pain
Pain originating from the musculoskeletal or integumentary system
Can be superficial or deep
Transdermal patch
A reservoir of analgesic or other drug enclosed in plastic that is applied to clipped skin
Transduction
The first step in nociception, in which noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals called action potentials
Transmission
The second step in nociception in which sensory impulses are conducted to the spinal cord
Visceral pain
Pain originating from internal organs
Wasting
A decrease in body mass, energy, or vigor often caused by disease
Adjunct
A drug that is not a true anesthetic but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade
Agonist-antagonists
A drug that binds to more than one receptor type, simultaneously stimulating at least one and blockacking at least one
Agonists
A drug that binds to and stimulates tissue receptors
Analeptic agent
A drug that causes general CNS stimulation
Anesthetic agent
Any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness
Antagonist
A drug that binds to but does not stimulate receptors
Anticholinergic agents
An adjunct that lessens parasympathetic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system
Also called parasymphatholytic
Apnea
A temporary absence of spontaneous breathing
Apneustic respiration
A breathing pattern, most often seen during Dissociative anesthesia, in which there is a pause for several seconds at the end of the inspiratory phase, followed by short, quick expiratory breaths
Ataxia
Inability to coordinate movement
Bagging
Inflating the patient’s lungs by squeezing the reservoir bag
Manual, positive-pressure ventilation
Cataleptoid state
A state produced by dissociative agents, in which a patient does not respond to external stimuli and has variable degree of muscle rigidity
Colic
Severe abdominal pain of sudden onset caused by a variety of conditions including obstruction, twisting, or spasm of the intestinal tract
Cortisol
A natural steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, which plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism
Dysphoria
Anxiety, uneasiness, and restlessness most often produced by opioids
The opposite of euphoria
Enantiomers
Substances of opposite shape
Fasciculations
Involuntary muscle twitching
Hypoventilation
Slow and/or shallow ventilation, resulting in decreased minute volume
Mydriasis
Dilation of the pupil
Neuroleptoanalgesia
A state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by the simultaneous administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer
Neuromuscular blockers
An adjunct used to relax or paralyze skeletal muscles as part of balanced anesthesia
Nystagmus
A rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of both eyes
Partial agonist
A drug that binds to and partially stimulates tissue receptors
Pharmacodynamics
The effect that a drug has on the body
Drug action
Pharmacokinetics
The effect that the body has on a drug, including movement of a drug in the body
Preanesthetic medication
An anesthetic agent or adjunct administered during the preanesthetic period to provide one or more of a variety of desired effects, including analgesia, sedation, and muscle relaxation
Reversal agents
A drug used to lessen or abolish the effects of the anesthetic agents or adjuncts
Somatic analgesia
Absence of pain of the skin, muscle, bone, and connective tissue
Status epilepticus
Continous seizures, or a series of seizures in rapid succession
Tachycardia
Increased or rapid heart rate
Tidal volume
The volume of a normal breath
Visceral analgesia
Absence of pain in the internal organs
Assisted ventilation
A type of ventilation in which the anesthesia ensures that an adequate volume of air is delivered to the patient
Atelectasis
Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs
Cauda equina
A group of nerves located at the caudal termination of the spinal cord in the spinal canal
Controlled ventilation
A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist controls the respiratory rate, Tidal volume, and peak inspiratory pressure
Epidural anesthesia
Regional anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic or analgesic into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord
Eutectic mixture
A mixture of 2 substances with a melting point that is lower than the individual melting points
Infiltration
Injection of local anesthetic into tissues, often in proximity to a nerve
Intermittent mandatory ventilation
Positive pressure ventilation throughout the entire anesthetic period as the sole source of the patient’s ventilatory needs
Line block
Injection of a continuous line of local anesthetic in the subcutaneous or subcuticular tissues immediately proximal to the target area
Local anesthesia
A loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest
Manual ventilation
Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by squeezing the reservoir bag of the anesthetic machine
Mechanical ventilation
Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by use of a mechanical ventilator
Motor neurons
A neuron that conveys impulses from the brain to the muscle fibers and is responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements
Nerve block
Loss of sensation in a particular anatomic site
Produced by injection of local anesthetic in proximity to the nerve
Paralysis
Inability to move a particular muscle group or body part because of loss of nerve function
Paresis
Weakness of a body part caused by loss of nerve function
Respiratory minute volume (RMV)
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute
Tidal volume x Respiratory Rate
Ring block
A type of line block that completely encircled an anatomic part, such as a digit or teat
Scoliosis
Lateral curvature of the spine
Sensory neurons
A neuron that conveys sensations from the skin, muscles, and other peripheral tissues to the brain
Splash block
Local anesthesia produced by direct application of local anesthetic to a wound or open surgical site
Sympathetic blockade
Loss of function of sympathetic nerves supplying the heart and blood vessels resulting from diffusion of local anesthetic into the thoracic spinal cord
