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Anesthesia & Analgesia > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Analgesia

A

Loss of sensitivity to pain

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2
Q

Anesthesia

A

A loss of sensation

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3
Q

Balanced Anesthesia

A

Maximizes benefits, minimizes adverse effects, and gives the anesthetist the ability to produce anesthesia with the degree of CNS depression, muscle relaxation, analgesia, and immobilization appropriate for the patient and the procedure

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4
Q

Epidural anesthesia

A

Used to provide pain control of the hindquarters and pelvic region

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5
Q

General anesthesia

A

A reversible state of unconsciousness, immobility, muscle relaxation, and loss of sensation throughout the entire body produced by administration of one or more anesthetic agents

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6
Q

Hypnosis

A

Drug-induced sleep-like state that impairs the ability of the patient to respond appropriately to stimuli

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7
Q

Local anesthesia

A

Loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest

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8
Q

Narcosis

A

A drug-induced sleep from which the patient is not easily aroused and is most often associated with the administration of narcotics

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9
Q

Noxious

A

Painful or physically harmful

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10
Q

Regional anesthesia

A

The loss of sensation in a limited area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic or other agent in proximity to sensory nerves

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11
Q

Sedation

A

A drug-induced CNS depression and drowsiness that vary in intensity from light to deep

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12
Q

Surgical anesthesia

A

A specific stage of general anesthesia in which there is a sufficient degree of analgesia and muscle relaxation to allow surgery to be performed without patient pain or movement

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13
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Dose range which a medication is effective without unwanted adverse effects

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14
Q

Topical anesthesia

A

The loss of sensation of a localized area produced by administration of a local anesthetic directly to a body surface or to a surgical or traumatic wound

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15
Q

Tranquilization

A

A drug-induced state of calm in which the patient is reluctant to move and is aware of but unconcerned about its surroundings

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16
Q

Auscultation

A

The act of listening to sounds made by internal organs with a stethoscope, especially the heart and lungs

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17
Q

Body condition score

A

A numeric assessment of the patient’s body weight compared with the ideal body weight

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18
Q

Borborygmus

A

Intestinal noises audible with or without a stethoscope, caused by gas moving through the Intestinal tract

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19
Q

Cachexia

A

Weight loss, loss of muscle mass, and general debilitation that may accompany chronic diseases

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20
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Total blood flow from the heart per unit time

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21
Q

Colloids

A

Large-molecular-weight plasma proteins that provide oncotic pressure

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22
Q

Comatose

A

In a sleeplike state
Unresponsive to all stimuli, including pain

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23
Q

Consent form

A

A form signed by a client that confirms the client has understood the nature of the procedure and associated risks

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24
Q

Constant rate infusion (CRI)

A

Slow continuous administration of a drug at a rate sufficient to achieve the desired effect

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25
Q

Crystalloids

A

Fluids that contain water and small-molecular-weight salutes (such as NaCl) and that pass freely through vascular endothelium

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26
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue discoloration of the mucous membranes

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27
Q

Dead space

A

The breathing passages and tubes that convey fresh oxygen from the source to the alveoli, but in which no gas exchange can occur

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28
Q

Debilitated

A

Lacking strength; weak

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29
Q

Drip rate

A
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30
Q

Dyspneic

A

Difficult or labored breathing

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31
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Large bruises
Discolorations of the skin or mucous membranes caused by leakage of blood into the tissues

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32
Q

Extra-label drug use

A

The use of an approved drug in a manner that is not in accordance with the approved label directions

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33
Q

Gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV)

A

A dangerous gastrointestinal condition, occurring primarily in deep-chested large breed dogs, in which the stomach swells with air and twists on its long axis, leading to shock, loss of blood supply, and other serious consequences

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34
Q

Homeostasis

A

A constant rate within the body created and maintained by normal physiologic processes

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35
Q

Hypercarbia

A

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood

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36
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure; the opposite of hypertension

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37
Q

Hypothermia

A

Low body temperature; the opposite of hypothermia

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38
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low blood oxygen level

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39
Q

Ileus

A

Intestinal obstruction caused by inhibition of bowel motility; also referred to as gastrointestinal stasis

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40
Q

Infusion rate

A

The rate at which fluids should be administered expressed in millimeters per unit time
Usually mL/hr

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41
Q

Inotrophy

A

Force of heart muscle contraction

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42
Q

Intact

A

Possessing gonads
Not spayed or neutered

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43
Q

Lethargic

A

Depressed but able to be aroused with minimal difficulty

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44
Q

Level of consciousness

A

The patient’s responsiveness to stimuli
How easily a patient can be aroused
Often used to assess brain function

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45
Q

Macrodrip

A

A fluid administration set that delivers fluids at a rate of 10 or 15 drops per mL
Usually used for infusion rates equal to or more than 100 mL/hr

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46
Q

Microdrip

A

A fluid administration set that delivers fluids at a rate of 60 drops per mL
Generally used for infusion rates less than 100 mL/hr

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47
Q

Minimum patient database

A

A compilation of pertinent info from the patient history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests
Used to diagnose and manage a case

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48
Q

Miosis

A

Constriction of the pupil of the eye
Opposite of mydriasis

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49
Q

Moribund

A

Near death

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50
Q

Obtunded

A

Depressed and unable to be fully aroused

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51
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure provided by large-molecular-weight colloids such as albumin

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52
Q

Petechiae

A

Small or pinpoint purple discolorations of the skin of mucous membrane resulting from hemorrhage
Smaller than purpura

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53
Q

Physical status classification

A

A graded assessment of a patient’s physical condition
Used to plan patient management prior to administering anesthetics and to gauge patient risk

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54
Q

Purpura

A

Purple discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane caused by hemorrhage
Larger than petechiae

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55
Q

Regurgitation

A

Flow of stomach contents into the esophagus and mouth unaccompanied by retching

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56
Q

Reproductive status

A

Whether or not the patient has been spayed or castrated

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57
Q

Solutes

A

An atom or molecule dissolved in body water

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58
Q

Signalment

A

The species, breed, age, sex, and reproductive status of a patient

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59
Q

Sloughing

A

Separation of dead tissue from surrounding live tissue in a wound

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60
Q

Stridor

A

Noisy breathing caused by turbulent air flow in the upper stairways

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61
Q

Stuperous

A

In a sleeplike state. Can be aroused only with painful stimulation

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62
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting episodes caused by brain hypoxia

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63
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

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64
Q

Vasodilation

A

Dilation of the blood vessels; opposite of vasoconstriction

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65
Q

Vesicants

A

Drugs that damage tissues if injected perivascularly

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66
Q

Anesthetic chambers

A
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67
Q

Anesthetic mask

A
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68
Q

Anesthetic vaporizer

A

Vaporizes liquid inhalant anesthetic and mixes it with the carrier gases

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69
Q

Asphyxiation

A

The act of cutting off the supply of oxygen (suffocation)

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70
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs

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71
Q

Ayre’s T-piece

A

A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet entering at the patient end of the breathing tube at a 90° angle and without a reservoir bag at the opposite end of the breathing tube

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72
Q

Bain coaxial circuit

A

A non-rebreathing circuit with a “tube within a tube” configuration that discharges fresh gas at the patient end of the breathing tube

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73
Q

Breathing circuit

A

Carries gases and inhalant anesthetic to the patient and removes exhaled carbon dioxide

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74
Q

Breathing tubes

A

Corrugated tubes that complete a rebreathing circuit by carrying the anesthetic gases to and from the patient

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75
Q

Carbon dioxide absorber canister

A

The part of a rebreathing circuit that holds the carbon dioxide absorbent granules

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76
Q

Closed rebreathing system

A

A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is kept nearly or completely closed and the flow of oxygen is relatively low, providing only the volume necessary to meet the patient’s metabolic needs

77
Q

Common gas outlet

A

The point where the oxygen, inhalant anesthetic, and N2O, if used, exit the anesthetic machine on the way to the breathing circuit

78
Q

Compressed gas cylinders

A

Contains carrier gases in a highly pressurized states for practical use

79
Q

Endotracheal tube

A

A flexible tube placed inside the trachea of an anesthetized patient that provides anesthetic gas and oxygen directly into the lungs

80
Q

Flowmeter

A

Vertical.gas cylinder of graduated diameter with a valve attached to the bottom

81
Q

Fresh gas inlet

A

The point at which the carrier and anesthetic gases enter the breathing circuit

82
Q

Jackson-Rees circuit

A

A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet at the patient end of the breathing tube and a reservoir bag at the opposite end
The fresh gas inlet enters the breathing tube at a 45° to 90° degree angle

83
Q

Lack circuit

A

A non-rebreathing circuit with the fresh gas inlet, the overflow valve, and the reservoir bag located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube

84
Q

Laryngoscope

A

A device used to provide visibility of the larynx when placing an ET tube

85
Q

Line pressure gauge

A

Indicates the pressure in the intermediate-pressure gas line between the pressure-reducing valve and the flowmeters

86
Q

Magill circuit

A

A non-rebreathing circuit with an overflow valve at the patient end of the breathing tube
The fresh gas inlet and the reservoir bag are located away from the patient at the opposite end of the breathing tube

87
Q

Mapleson classification system

A

A system developed by W. W. Mapleson that classifies non-rebreathing circuits based on the position of the fresh gas inlet, the reservoir bag, and the pressure-limiting valve

88
Q

Non-rebreathing system

A

An anesthetic machine with a non-rebreathing circuit where little or no exhaled gases are returned to the patient but are instead removed from the circuit by use of appropriately high flow rates of carrier gas and evacuated by a scavenger connected to a pressure-limiting valve or other exit port

89
Q

Norman mask elbow

A

A non-rebreathing circuit with a fresh gas inlet at the patient end of the breathing tube and a reservoir bag at the opposite end
The fresh gas inlet enters the breathing tube at a 45° to 90° degree angle, and the endotracheal tube connector is at right angles to the breathing tube

90
Q

Oxygen flush valve

A

A button or lever that rapidly delivers a large volume of pure oxygen directly to the common gas outlet or breathing circuit of a rebreathing system, bypassing the anesthetic vaporizer and oxygen flow meters

91
Q

Pop-off valve

A

The point of exit of anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit

92
Q

Pressure manometer

A

A gaige that indicates the pressure of the gases within the breathing circuit, and by extension, the pressure in the animal’s airways and lungs

93
Q

Pressure-reducing valve

A

A valve that reduces the pressure of a compressed gas to a constant safe operating pressure of 40 to 50 psi regardless of pressure changes within the tank

94
Q

Rebreathing system

A

Am anesthetic machine fitted with a rebreathing circuit
In this system, exhaled gases minur carbon dioxide are recirculated and rebreathed by the patient, along with variable amounts of fresh oxygen and anesthetic

95
Q

Reservoir bag

A

A rubber or plastic bag that serves as a flexible storage reservoir for expired and inspired gases
Allows observation of respirations, proper endotracheal tube placement, and ventilation of the patient

96
Q

Respiratory minute volume (RMV)

A

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute
Todal volume is multiplied by the respiratory rate

97
Q

Scavenging system

A

Disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gas

98
Q

Semi-closed rebreathing system

A

A rebreathing system in which the pop-off valve is positioned partially open, and the flow of oxygen is relatively high, providing more volume than is necessary to meet the patient’s metabolic needs

99
Q

Tank pressure gauge

A

Device that indicates the pressure of gas remaining in a compressed gas cylinder

100
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of a normal breath

101
Q

Unidirectional valves

A

The inspiratory valve or expiratory valve of the rebreathing circuit, which controls the direction of gas flow through a rebreathing circuit as the patient breathes

102
Q

Vaporizer-in-circuit (VIC)

A

A vaporizer that is located in the breathing circuit, such as nonprecision vaporizers

103
Q

Vaporizer-out-of-circuit (VOC)

A

A vaporizer in which carrier gas from the flow meters flows into the vaporizer before entering the breathing circuit, such as precision vaporizers

104
Q

Activated charcoal cartridge

A

A type of passive scavenging system, consisting of a canister containing activated charcoal, designed to remove halogenated anesthetic agents from gases exiting from the pop-off or pressure-limiting valve of a breathing circuit

105
Q

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

A

conducts research and makes recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness

106
Q

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

A

Works to ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance

107
Q

Scavenging system

A

The anesthetic machine system that disposes of excess and waste anesthetic gases outside of the building, so that inhalation by occupationally exposed individuals is minimized

108
Q

Waste anesthetic gases

A

Any inhalation anesthetic (including isoflurane, other halogenated compounds, and nitrous oxide) that is breathed out by the patient or that escapes from the anesthetic machine

109
Q

Algesia

A

Sensitivity to pain

110
Q

Distress

A

An extreme form of stress that leads to anxiety and suffering

111
Q

Emergence delirium

A

Disorientation that occurs during anesthetic recovery as consciousness returns
May be characterized by vocalization, aggression, thrashing, and locomotor activity

112
Q

Idiopathic

A

Pain of unknown or unidentifiable cause

113
Q

Locomotor

A

Relating to movement from place to place

114
Q

Mediators

A

Chemical substances released from damaged cells or inflammatory cells that cause a response (such as increasing the sensitivity of peripheral pain receptors)

115
Q

Modulation

A

The third step in nociception, in which sensory nerve impulses are amplified or suppressed by other neurons

116
Q

Morbidity

A

The incidence of disease

117
Q

Mortality

A

The death rate

118
Q

Multimodal therapy

A

Treatment of pain with analgesics that target two or more types of pain receptors

119
Q

Neuropathic

A

Pain resulting from injury of a nerve

120
Q

Nociception

A

Detection by the nervous system of the potential for or actual tissue injury

121
Q

Pain

A

An aversive sensory and emotional experience that elicits protective motor actions, results in learned avoidance, and may modify species-specific behavior

122
Q

Pain scales

A

Any assessment tool used to rate the intensity of pain

123
Q

Pathologic pain

A

Pain that is amplified and persistent due to malfunction of or damage to the nervous system and is maladaptive because it serves no useful functioning but causes suffering

124
Q

Perception

A

The final step of nociception in which sensory impulses are transmitted to the brain where they are processed and recognized

125
Q

Peripoerative analgesia

A

Pain control before and/or after surgery

126
Q

Physiologic pain

A

The protective sensation of pain that normally occurs when there is a possibility of or actual tissue injury

127
Q

Preemptive analgesia

A

Provision of analgesia before tissue injury, including surgery

128
Q

Primary hyperalgesia (peripheral hypersensitivity)

A

Increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus that occurs when the threshold of the peripheral pain receptors is lowered as a result of injury to peripheral tissues

129
Q

Secondary hyperalgesia (CNS Hypersensitivity)

A

A state, caused by constant nociceptive input from the periphery, in which neurons in the spinal cord become hyperexcitable and sensitive to low-intensity stimuli that would not normally elicit a pain response
Also known as windup

130
Q

Somatic pain

A

Pain originating from the musculoskeletal or integumentary system
Can be superficial or deep

131
Q

Transdermal patch

A

A reservoir of analgesic or other drug enclosed in plastic that is applied to clipped skin

132
Q

Transduction

A

The first step in nociception, in which noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals called action potentials

133
Q

Transmission

A

The second step in nociception in which sensory impulses are conducted to the spinal cord

134
Q

Visceral pain

A

Pain originating from internal organs

135
Q

Wasting

A

A decrease in body mass, energy, or vigor often caused by disease

136
Q

Adjunct

A

A drug that is not a true anesthetic but that is used during anesthesia to produce other desired effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal, neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade

137
Q

Agonist-antagonists

A

A drug that binds to more than one receptor type, simultaneously stimulating at least one and blockacking at least one

138
Q

Agonists

A

A drug that binds to and stimulates tissue receptors

139
Q

Analeptic agent

A

A drug that causes general CNS stimulation

140
Q

Anesthetic agent

A

Any drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness

141
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that binds to but does not stimulate receptors

142
Q

Anticholinergic agents

A

An adjunct that lessens parasympathetic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system
Also called parasymphatholytic

143
Q

Apnea

A

A temporary absence of spontaneous breathing

144
Q

Apneustic respiration

A

A breathing pattern, most often seen during Dissociative anesthesia, in which there is a pause for several seconds at the end of the inspiratory phase, followed by short, quick expiratory breaths

145
Q

Ataxia

A

Inability to coordinate movement

146
Q

Bagging

A

Inflating the patient’s lungs by squeezing the reservoir bag
Manual, positive-pressure ventilation

147
Q

Cataleptoid state

A

A state produced by dissociative agents, in which a patient does not respond to external stimuli and has variable degree of muscle rigidity

148
Q

Colic

A

Severe abdominal pain of sudden onset caused by a variety of conditions including obstruction, twisting, or spasm of the intestinal tract

149
Q

Cortisol

A

A natural steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, which plays a role in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

150
Q

Dysphoria

A

Anxiety, uneasiness, and restlessness most often produced by opioids
The opposite of euphoria

151
Q

Enantiomers

A

Substances of opposite shape

152
Q

Fasciculations

A

Involuntary muscle twitching

153
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Slow and/or shallow ventilation, resulting in decreased minute volume

154
Q

Mydriasis

A

Dilation of the pupil

155
Q

Neuroleptoanalgesia

A

A state of profound sedation and analgesia induced by the simultaneous administration of an opioid and a tranquilizer

156
Q

Neuromuscular blockers

A

An adjunct used to relax or paralyze skeletal muscles as part of balanced anesthesia

157
Q

Nystagmus

A

A rhythmic, involuntary oscillation of both eyes

158
Q

Partial agonist

A

A drug that binds to and partially stimulates tissue receptors

159
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The effect that a drug has on the body
Drug action

160
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The effect that the body has on a drug, including movement of a drug in the body

161
Q

Preanesthetic medication

A

An anesthetic agent or adjunct administered during the preanesthetic period to provide one or more of a variety of desired effects, including analgesia, sedation, and muscle relaxation

162
Q

Reversal agents

A

A drug used to lessen or abolish the effects of the anesthetic agents or adjuncts

163
Q

Somatic analgesia

A

Absence of pain of the skin, muscle, bone, and connective tissue

164
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Continous seizures, or a series of seizures in rapid succession

165
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased or rapid heart rate

166
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of a normal breath

167
Q

Visceral analgesia

A

Absence of pain in the internal organs

168
Q

Assisted ventilation

A

A type of ventilation in which the anesthesia ensures that an adequate volume of air is delivered to the patient

169
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs

170
Q

Cauda equina

A

A group of nerves located at the caudal termination of the spinal cord in the spinal canal

171
Q

Controlled ventilation

A

A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist controls the respiratory rate, Tidal volume, and peak inspiratory pressure

172
Q

Epidural anesthesia

A

Regional anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic or analgesic into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord

173
Q

Eutectic mixture

A

A mixture of 2 substances with a melting point that is lower than the individual melting points

174
Q

Infiltration

A

Injection of local anesthetic into tissues, often in proximity to a nerve

175
Q

Intermittent mandatory ventilation

A

Positive pressure ventilation throughout the entire anesthetic period as the sole source of the patient’s ventilatory needs

176
Q

Line block

A

Injection of a continuous line of local anesthetic in the subcutaneous or subcuticular tissues immediately proximal to the target area

177
Q

Local anesthesia

A

A loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest

178
Q

Manual ventilation

A

Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by squeezing the reservoir bag of the anesthetic machine

179
Q

Mechanical ventilation

A

Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by use of a mechanical ventilator

180
Q

Motor neurons

A

A neuron that conveys impulses from the brain to the muscle fibers and is responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements

181
Q

Nerve block

A

Loss of sensation in a particular anatomic site
Produced by injection of local anesthetic in proximity to the nerve

182
Q

Paralysis

A

Inability to move a particular muscle group or body part because of loss of nerve function

183
Q

Paresis

A

Weakness of a body part caused by loss of nerve function

184
Q

Respiratory minute volume (RMV)

A

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute
Tidal volume x Respiratory Rate

185
Q

Ring block

A

A type of line block that completely encircled an anatomic part, such as a digit or teat

186
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

187
Q

Sensory neurons

A

A neuron that conveys sensations from the skin, muscles, and other peripheral tissues to the brain

188
Q

Splash block

A

Local anesthesia produced by direct application of local anesthetic to a wound or open surgical site

189
Q

Sympathetic blockade

A

Loss of function of sympathetic nerves supplying the heart and blood vessels resulting from diffusion of local anesthetic into the thoracic spinal cord

Anesthesia & Analgesia (5 decks)

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