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Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Dune

A

Protects against the sea, and provides drinking water, recreation, and nature area.

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2
Q

River or delta area

A

River made of clay and sand, meadows in lower parts, fruit trees, the delta of Maas and Rijn rivers

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3
Q

Clay

A

Flat and open landscape, near seashore (salt-loving plants), rich soils, man-made hills (mounts and algae).

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4
Q

Hilly

A

Geology on a plateau, the highest point above sea level, chalky (Mergel) rock deposits formerly used as fertiliser, in Zuid Limburg.

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5
Q

Peat

A

Used for grassland, higher areas and lower areas.

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6
Q

Sand

A

Flat: relatively high in SOM - made from the ice tides.
Mosaic: landscape slightly hilly, moderate SOM, sand from the German rivers.
Hilly: low in SOM, sand from the rivers.

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7
Q

Secondary succession

A

The primary forest is burned down for agricultural use and grazing.

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8
Q

GIS

A

Geographical Identification System.
Provides a digital map, including coordinates, and option to combine layers.

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9
Q

Soil horizons (from top to bottom)

A
  • O: humus or SOM
    superficial layer with organic
    material, formed under (non-
    permanent) wet conditions.
    A: topsoil
    Ah: mineral horizon with organic
    matter
    Ap: a mineral horizon that is
    ploughed
    E: eluviated horizon
    B: subsoil
    C: parent material
    R: bedrock
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10
Q

Definition of soil

A

Soil is the excited skin of the earth in which geology, biology, chemistry, and physics combine to provide us with our requirements for life and which we should leave intact for future generations.

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11
Q

Soil solids

A

Minerals (45%): sand, clay, slit.
Organic Matter (5%): plants (humus), fungi, bacteria, algae, worms, insects, mammals.

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12
Q

Soil pore space

A

Gasses/air (20-30%): oxygen, nitrogen, greenhouse gases.
Water/liquids (20-30%): soil solution + ions.

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13
Q

Texture

A

The distribution of particles is based on the size classes.

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14
Q

Sand characteristics

A

Ability to compact: low
Air space: high
Soil fertility: low
Tendency to form clods: low
Water-holding capacity: low
Water and air permeability: high
Workability: high

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15
Q

Slit characteristics

A

Ability to compact: moderate
Air space: moderate-high
Soil fertility: moderate-high
Tendency to form clods: moderate
Water-holding capacity: moderate-high
Water and air permeability: moderate-high
Workability: moderate-high

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16
Q

Clay characteristics

A

Ability to compact: high
Air space: low
Soil fertility: moderate-high
Tendency to form clods: high
Water-holding capacity: high
Water and air permeability: low
Workability: low

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17
Q

Peat characteristics

A

Ability to compact: low
Air space: low (H2O soaked)
Soil fertility: high (SOM)
Tendency to form clods: low
Water-holding capacity: high
Water and air permeability: high
Workability: low

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18
Q

Minerals

A

The swelling and shrinking of clay soil depend on the presence of minerals between clay particles.

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19
Q

Structure

A

The physical arrangement of particles, their size (texture), and form (aggregate), plus the empty holes (pores) between the particles.

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20
Q

Soil Organic Matter (SOM)

A
  • The main building block is carbon (C)
  • Organisms, roots, and hummus
  • Humus decomposes slowly and colours the soil brown or black. It is also the glue that makes aggregates
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21
Q

Water - soil-related aspects

A
  • Gravity
  • Pressure
  • Solute concentration
  • The water content of a particular soil
22
Q

Water - plant-related aspects

A
  • Transpiration
  • Uptake of nutrients Cooling
  • Functioning of stomata
    * Gas change (CO2 and O2)
    * H2O regulation via transpiration
23
Q

Soil moisture content

A

The specific amount of water that is stored in the soil (0-60%)

24
Q

pF-curve

A

Describes the relationship between the soil moisture content and suction plants and groundwater

25
Wilting point (WP)
* 4.2 * The amount of water that cannot be taken up by plants
26
Field capacity (FC)
* 2.0 unless otherwise specified * The amount of water that can be stored in the soil
27
Available water for plants calculation
FC - WP Field capacity - Wilting point
28
Soil profile
0-1 meters deep
29
Soil formation
Driven by physical, chemical, and/or biological forces in which large rock slowly breakdown into smaller-sized particles.
30
Different Eluviated horizons
Glaying Podzolization Browning Clay redistribution
31
Glaying
Saturation of the soil pores with water, leading to grey and/or red-brownish colourations
32
Podzolization
Chemical and physical processes of leaching transport, and precipitation of humus with iron and/or aluminium
33
Browning
Chemical and biological processes in sandy soils lead to the following * Erosion of iron, then a coating of particles with iron, rusty colouring throughout (homogenous) * Formation of black humus in between sand particles
34
Clay redistribution
Chemical and physical processes of mobilisation, transport, and precipitation of clay
35
Weathering
Processes of physical, chemical, and biological nature, which instigate soil formation
36
Erosion
Movement of material at the surface of land, in general, loose particles on rock, stones, pebbles, by wind or water, or during landslides, avalanches, and earthquakes
37
Fertility
The capacity of a specific kind of soil to function within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation.
38
Macronutrients
Nitrogen (N) Phosphate (P) Sulphur (S) Potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca)
39
Micronutrients
Borium (B) Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu)
40
Causes of acidity (<5.5 pH)
High rainfall Free/good drainage -> leaching of salts Biological production/activity -> mineralization of OM
41
Causes of Salinity (>7.5 pH)
Low rainfall High evaporation Limited drainage, inhibiting leaching Accumulation of salts
42
Effects of acidity (<5.5 pH)
Limits plant growth Al & Mn toxicity Ca deficiency
43
Effects of salinity (>7.5 pH)
Limits plant growth High concentration of salts Toxicity of individual components Poor permeability Micronutrient deficiencies
44
Remedy of acidity (<5.5 pH)
Soil amendment containing lime Flooding Changes in fertility management Use of tolerant crops
45
Remedy of salinity (>7.5 pH)
Soil amendment containing lime Avoiding sensitive crops Improving water quality Irrigation management Leaching (artificial drainage)
46
Rhizobium bacteria
*In clover nodules *Biological N fixation *Exchange sugars (energy) and nitrogen - symbiosis *Pink nodules - bacteria are active N transfer from clover to grass *Temperature-dependent - the later start of crop growth in spring as compared to mineral fertiliser
47
Mycorrhiza bacteria
Are able to absorb P that is not available to plant roots In symbiosis with plants - exchange for sugars Increase the soil volume available to plants Prefer poor and acid soils - no competition
48
Grey worm
Fast grower May reach quite a few years of age Eat vertically - good for structure
49
Common earthworm
Up to 10 years of age Eats at the surface Lives in vertical tubes, several meters depth - air
50
Vermicomposting
The process by which worms are used to convert organic material into a humus-like material is known as vermicompost
51
Aggregates
Arrangement of primary soil particles (sand, silt, clay) around soil organic matter and through particle associations.

Land management (2 decks)

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