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1
Q

Skinner

A

Believed personality is a series of response tendencies

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2
Q

Social-cognitive theory (Albert Bandura):

A

learning and cognition both contribute to individual differences in personality

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3
Q

Reciprocal determinism:

A

Cognitive processes, behavior, and context interact and are influenced by one another

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4
Q

Self Efficacy

A

Our level of confidence in our own abilities

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5
Q

what is Locus of control (Julian Rotter) and the 2 types

A

Beliefs about the power we have over our lives
Internal locus of control: Outcomes result directly from our own efforts
External locus of control: Outcomes result from factors outside our control

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6
Q

Walter Mischel

A

Colleague of Albert Bandura, who believed personality traits are not consistent across situations

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7
Q

Self-regulation:

A

Process of identifying a goal and using internal and external feedback to maximize goal attainment

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8
Q

Abraham Maslow:

A

Developed ideas by studying creative, healthy people, not troubled clinical ones (i.e. Abraham Lincoln, Eleanor Rossevelt, Albert Einstein…)

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9
Q

Humanistic Perspective Characteristics

A

Recognize the needs and desires of others, willingness to respond to uniqueness of people, deep connections with few people, spontaneity and creativity, non-conformist

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10
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Believed people are basically good and naturally strive for self-actualization

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11
Q

Client/Person Centered Therapy:

A

Developed by Carl Rogers in which patients take the lead role in therapy. Therapists must exhibit 3 features to maximize effectiveness. (unconditional positive regard, Genuineness and empathy)

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12
Q

Self-concept:

A

Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves (Carl Rogers idea)

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13
Q

Minnesota Twin Studies

A

Identified and studied 3550 pairs of twin reared together and apart

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14
Q

Twin Pairs:

A

Personality and intelligence tests

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15
Q

Personality Traits

A

Tendencies to behave in certain ways that remain relatively constant across situations

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16
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Divided traits into three categories:

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17
Q

what are allports 3 categories of traits

A

Cardinal Traits: Dominate your personality and life (e.g. Ebenezer Scrooge’s greed)
Central Traits: Make up our personalities (e.g. kind, goofy, loyal)
Secondary Traits: Present under specific circumstances only, not as consistent (e.g. someone who gets nervous when forced to make small talk

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18
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Proposed that there are 171 traits and all personalities are made up of the same 16 dimensions

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19
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Used factor analysis to determine which specific traits seemed to cluster together, he called these clusters a “superfactor”

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20
Q

what are the three superfactors ?

A

Extroversion / introversion: Impulsive, sociable, assertive on the one extreme and shy, socially withdrawn, passive on the other
Neuroticism / stability: Extent to which person experiences negative emotions-temperamental, defensive, anxious on the other hand or calm, even-tempered on the other
Psychoticism / superego control: Nonconformist, impulsive, antisocial on one end, or altruistic, empathetic, cooperative on the othe

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21
Q

what are the five factors in the five factor model?

A

Agreeableness / disagreeableness
Extraversion / introversion
Neuroticism / stability
Conscientiousness / irresponsibility
Openness to experience / imaginativeness

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22
Q

HEXACO Model:

A

Big 5 with honesty-humility added

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23
Q

Culture

A

Beliefs, costumes, art, and traditions of a particular society

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24
Q

Individualist

A

Independence, competition, personal achievement

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25
Q

Collectivist

A

Social harmony, respectfulness, group needs

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26
Q

what are the three ways to study personality in a cultural context:

A

Cultural-comparative approach: Test Western ideas in other cultures
Indigenous approach: Create new culturally-relevant instruments
Combined approach

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27
Q

Self-Report Inventories

A

Paper-and-pencil questionnaires designed to assess various aspects of personality

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28
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2)

A

A 567 question questionnaire that is useful in distinguishing clinical populations

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29
Q

Projective Tests

A

Tests involving interpretations of an ambiguous stimulus in order to access unconscious mind

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30
Q

Rorschach (inkblot) test:

A

ambiguous shape intended to force participants to project structure and meaning onto the image

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31
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

Asked to make up a story about an ambiguous scene (picture)
Asked to make up a story about an ambiguous scene (picture)

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32
Q

Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB):

A

Finishing incomplete sentences as quickly as possible

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33
Q

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

A

Designed to be culturally relevant to minorities

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34
Q

Social Psychology:

A

How people affect one another

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35
Q

Situationism (State Theory)

A

Our actions and behavior are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

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36
Q

Dispositionism (Trait Theory):

A

Our auctions and behavior are determined by internal factors

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37
Q

Internal Factor

A

Attribute of a person such as personality traits and temperament

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38
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error:

A

when explaining a person’s behavior, we tend to Overemphasize internal factors and underemphasize external factors
FAE = Dispositional > Situational

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39
Q

Individualistic Culture:

A

Individual achievement and autonomy, focus on the individual and western countries. High likelihood of FAE

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40
Q

Collectivistic Culture:

A

Communal relationships with others, focus on the group (the collective) and eastern countries. Low likelihood of FAE

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41
Q

Actor-observer Bias

A

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes

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42
Q

Attribution Theory:

A

How ordinary people explain the causes of behavior and events. Focuses on 3 factors :
Locus Of Control (internal vs external)
Stability (stable vs unstable)
Controllability (controllable vs uncontrollable)

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43
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

describes when we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions

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44
Q

Just-World Hypothesis:

A

The belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

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45
Q

Social Roles

A

: A pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group, defined by culturally shared knowledge

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46
Q

Social Norms

A

A group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its members, how group members are supposed to think and behave

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47
Q

Scripts

A

A person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

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48
Q

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment:

A

Study about the “psychological effects of prison life”
Attitudes: Our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object. Focuses on 3 main components.
Affect: How we feel
Behavior: How we behave
Cognition: How we think

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49
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or cognitions

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50
Q

Justification of Effort

A

We value goals and achievements the we put a lot of effort into

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51
Q

Persuasion

A

The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication

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52
Q

Yale Attitude Change Approach

A

Describes the conditions under which people tend to change their attitudes
Source: who
Content: what
Characteristics: to whom

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53
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

thinking processes that might occur when we attempt to change a person’s attitude through communication

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54
Q

Central Route-Direct

A

logic-driven, uses data and facts, lasting attitude change

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55
Q

Peripheral Route-Indirect

A

Uses peripheral cues, relies on positive associations, less permanent attitude change

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56
Q

Principle Of Consistency

A

Complying with an original, smaller request makes you more likely to comply with later, larger request

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57
Q

The Asch Effect

A

The influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment

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58
Q

Conformity

A

Going along with a request or demand, even if you do not agree with the request

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59
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Conform to fit in, to feel good, and to be accepted by the group

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60
Q

Informational Social Influence:

A

Conform because they think the group is competent in the task and has the correct information

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61
Q

The Milgram Experiment

A

The shock experiment which asked students to shock each other when answering questions incorrect

62
Q

Deindividuation

A

When a person feels a sense of anonymity which creates a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others

63
Q

Social Loafing

A

A reduction of individual effort to achieve a goal when working in a group

64
Q

Social Facilitation

A

When an individual performs better in front of an audience compared to in private

65
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group

66
Q

Stereotypes

A

A specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group

67
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Seeking out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

68
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

Motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain

69
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Motivated by achieving a goal

70
Q

Diffusion Of Responsibility

A

The tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

71
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Voluntary behavior with the intent to help others

72
Q

Altruism

A

People’s desire to help others even if the cost outweigh the benefits of helping

73
Q

Proximity

A

We are most likely to be friends with people we have regular contact with

74
Q

Similarity

A

We are more likely to be friends with people who are similar to us

75
Q

Homophily

A

Tendency for people to form relationships with others who are similar

76
Q

Reciprocity

A

The give and take in relationships

77
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

The sharing of personal information about ourselves

78
Q

Attraction

A

Physical traits and social traits

79
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

People tend to pick someone they view as their equal in physical attractiveness and social desirability

80
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

A

Believes that there are 3 components of love
Intimacy: Sharing details and intimate thoughts and emotions
Passion: Physical attraction
Commitment: Standing by the person “In sickness and in health”

81
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

We are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs

82
Q

Stress

A

A process whereby an individual perceives and responds to events they appraise as overwhelming or threatening to well-being

83
Q

Stressor

A

Event/Situation that triggers a stress response

84
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

Judgment of potential threat or challenge associated with a stressor

85
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

Judgment of our ability to cope with the event

86
Q

Eustress

A

Stress from positive stressors

87
Q

Distress

A

Stress resulting from unpleasant stressors

88
Q

Health Psychology

A

Scientific study of how stress and other psychological factors impact health, illness, and response to illness

89
Q

The fight-or-flight Response

A

A response to stress

90
Q

Hans Selye

A

A austrian born endocrinologist who noticed that the same stress response occurred regardless of the specific stressor

91
Q

Acute Stressor

A

Brief focal events

92
Q

Chronic Stressor

A

Events that persist over an extended period of time

93
Q

Traumatic Events

A

Unexpected, severe events that expose an individual to threat of or actual death/injury

94
Q

Life Changes

A

Events or situations that require us to make changes in our lives

95
Q

Daily Hassles

A

Everyday annoyances/common experiences that may frequently produce stress

96
Q

Occupation-related stressors

A

Situations where one is frequently exposed to challenging and unpleasant events

97
Q

Job Stain

A

Excessive job demands/workload combined with low decision-making power

98
Q

Job Burnout

A

Sense of emotional exhaustion and cynicism related to one’s job

99
Q

Immune System:

A

The body’s system of organs and cells that defend the body from foreign invaders (viruses, bacteria) and abnormal cell growth (cancer cells)

100
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Decreased effectiveness of immune system (e.g. AIDS)

101
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Growing field that studies links between stress, the immune system, and health

102
Q

Cardiovascular Disorders

A

Disorders involving the cardiovascular system

103
Q

Heart Disease

A

Involves blocking of coronary arteries leading to myocardial infarction

104
Q

Friedman and Rosenman:

A

Studied 3000 healthy male volunteers and classified 2 categories:
Type A: Always tense, stressed, little patience, time pressured, aggressive, easily provoked, uptight
Type B: Patient, no sense of urgency, passive, laid back

105
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic disease in which respiratory airways are obstructed by inflammation, leading to trouble breathing

106
Q

Coping

A

Mental and behavioral efforts we use to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress
Adaptive: Example: join study group, reduce hours working
Maladaptive: Example: Oh well, hit george street

107
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Focused on dealing directly with the stressor

108
Q

Emotion-focused Coping

A

Focused on managing one’s feelings about the stressor

109
Q

Perceived Control

A

Beliefs about our personal capacity to exert influence over the shape outcomes

110
Q

Seligman

A

Dogs previously forced to experience shocks do not even try to escape them when given the chance

111
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

A belief that one is powerless to change their situation

112
Q

Three Kinds Of Attributions

A

Internal vs external, Stable vs unstable, Global vs specific

113
Q

Social Support

A

The soothing impact of friends, family, and acquaintances

114
Q

Biofeedback

A

Using electronic equipment to measure involuntary activity and provide feedback

115
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

Condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

116
Q

Psychopathology

A

The study of psychological disorders

117
Q

Thomas Szasa

A

Mental illness is a construct invented to stigmatize people who behave in socially unacceptable ways

118
Q

Disturbance

A

In inner states and behaviors

119
Q

Dysfunction

A

Must stem form internal dysfunction of mechanisms in the body

120
Q

Distress

A

Behaviors (thoughts or emotions) cause significant distress or unhappiness that interfere with daily functioning

121
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviors (thoughts or emotions) differ from societal expectations (standards or norms)

122
Q

International Classification Of Diseases (ICD-10)

A

System used by most countries to classify psychological disorders

123
Q

Compassionate View Of Psychological Disorders

A

A view that has 2 key points
Psychological disorders represent extremes of thoughts, feelings, and behavior
Individuals with psychological disorders are more than their illness

124
Q

Supernatural Perspective

A

Historically, Mental illness attributed to magic or spirits

125
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Typically diagnosed in early childhood

126
Q

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

A

Characterizes by constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that interferes with normal functioning

127
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder:

A

Characterized by significant disturbances in three areas:
Social Interaction
Communication
Repetitive patterns of behavior/interests

128
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A serious psychological disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and speech, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

129
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Excess of behaviors

130
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Deficits in behaviors

131
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions

132
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest/pleasure in usual activities

133
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Periods of mania (dramatic and inappropriate elevation in mood) that alternate with periods of depression

134
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Stressful life events contribute to MDD

135
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Disabling levels of fear or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered

136
Q

Phobias

A

An extreme fear of something

137
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

When neutral stimulus is paired with negative stimulus

138
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Severe, persistent fear of embarrassment in social situations

139
Q

Panic Attacks

A

Periodic sudden bouts of panic or terror in the absence of any real threat

140
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Excessive worry accompanied by at least three of the following:
Restlessness, irritability, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and sleep problems

141
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

characterized by obsessions and compulsions

142
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

Obsession with a perceived flaw in physical appearance

143
Q

Hoarding Disorder

A

Inability to part with possessions, leading to excessive clutter and accumulation of stuff

144
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A set of fear/arousal symptoms tied to a specific traumatic event
Intrusion
Avoidance
Alterations in cognitions/moods
Alterations in arousal/reactivity

145
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

Unable to remember important information, brought on by traumatic event

146
Q

Depersonalization

A

Feeling of detachment from one’s body

147
Q

Derealization

A

Detachment from the world

148
Q

Dissociative Disorders (DID)

A

Two or more distinct personalities

149
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A

Great instability, major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, and impulsivity

150
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Persistent and callous disregard for the feelings and rights of others

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