Terms

Question 1

Tetrahydrocannabinol

Answer 1

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main
psychoactive component of cannabis

Question 2

Cannabidiol

Answer 2

CBD comes from hemp plant not cannabis
Medicinal effects but does not produce a high
treats epilepsy and anxiety

Question 3

Motivational model

Answer 3

Evolution resulted in survival circuitry. Motivational model-continue to remind us to keep getting those things that are important/ rewarding.
Seen in cocaine addiction when an individual is in a drug-withdrawn state and makes brain vigilant for signs of drug

Question 4

Prevention Principle #10

Answer 4

Community Programs, principle 10 combining 2 plus effective programs can be more effective than a single program alone.
Family based and school based programs

Question 5

Entactogen

Answer 5

substances that allow or promote a touching within or reaching inside to retrieve repressed memories

Question 6

Brain disease model

Answer 6

addiction is considered a brain disorder because it involves functional changes to brain circuits involved in reward, stress, and self control. Adduction is preventable and treatable.
Addiction is chronic and progressive, user does not have control after a certain point.

Question 7

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Answer 7

long term effects of alcohol use
Caused by a deficiency of thiamine (a B vitamin) because alcohol interferes with the way the body absorbs B vitamins.
mental confusion lack of coordination, may have memory and learning problems.

Question 8

Dopamine

Answer 8

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in pleasure, motivation, and learning.
Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse by binding to the dopamine transporters

Question 9

Factors that affect BAC

Answer 9

how quickly you drink, body weight, food, gender, type of drink consumed

Question 10

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 10

What the body does to the drug in terms of absorption, distribution, and elimination. Drugs that reach the brain more quickly are more addictive (inhalation)

Question 11

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 11

What the drug does to the body. The interaction between a drug and the receptors responsible for the action of the drug in the body. Agonists bind to active site and activate receptions (nicotine)

Question 12

Developmental risk at 5 domain levels

Answer 12

Individual- early aggressive behavior
Family- lack of parental supervision
Peer- Substance use
School- drug availability
Community- Poverty

Question 13

protective factors at 5 domain levels

Answer 13

Individual- impulse control
Family- parental monitoring
Peer- academic competence
School- anti-drug use policies
Community- strong neighborhood attachment

Question 14

Narcan

Answer 14

Nasal spray for opioid overdose which increases breathing rate. Opioid receptor antagonist on mu receptor
still need medical attention

Question 15

Bio-psycho-social model of addiction

Answer 15

bio- physical health, withdrawal symptoms, drug effects, genetic vulnerabilities
psycho- paired stimuli/ triggers, routines/habits, stress management skills, coping skills
social- peers, family/ partners, cultural norms, circumstances

Question 16

Four main brain circuitries/systems and corresponding primary brain regions

Answer 16

Reward circuitry (VTA nucleus accumbens), memory circuitry (hippocampus and amygdala), motivation drive salience circuitry (orbital-frontal cotex), cognitive control (anterior cingulate cortex)

Question 17

Controlled Substances Act criteria

Answer 17

Drugs are placed into 5 groups or schedules based on medical use and potential for abuse. Currently run by the drug enforcement administration (DEA)
Schedule 1- high potential for harmful use, no medical treatment

Question 18

5 A’s of smoking cessation

Answer 18

Ask about tobacco use
advise to quit
assess willingness to make quit attempt
assist in a quit attempt
arrange follow up

Question 19

3 types of prevention and scenarios

Answer 19

universal program- designed for general population (all students in a school)
selective program- targets groups at risk or subsets of the general population (children of drug users)
indicated program- for individuals already experimenting with drugs

Question 20

incentive salience

Answer 20

neurobiology of addiction- cravings
drug liking vs drug wanting

Question 21

stimulus response learning

Answer 21

substance use becomes habitual/ compulsive. Based on Pavlovian theory

Question 22

inhibitory control dysfunction

Answer 22

impulsivity and disruption is the stop circuitry

Question 23

self-medication hypothesis

Answer 23

specific form of negative reinforcement, substance of choice is not chosen at random. comes from the motivational model based on skinners operant conditioning

Question 24

behavioral economic/reinforcer pathology

Answer 24

reward value of a substance, involves more of a social environmental component

Question 25

negative & positive reinforcement

Answer 25

positive- for dopamine effect
negative- to take away withdrawal, self-medication hypothesis

Question 26

How cocaine works on the dopamine reward system in the brain:
what cocaine does at the synapse, neuroadaptations that may occur as a result

Answer 26

Cocaine blocks the removal of dopamine from the synapse by binding to the dopamine transporters. Long term- down regulation of receptors, neurons are regulating by removing receptors which leads to tolerance

Question 27

How cocaine works on the dopamine reward system in the brain:
what happens within the 4 brain circuits with chronic use

Answer 27

in rewards circuits, there is less euphoria to the drug and reduced sensitivity to natural rewards

motivation systems- orbital frontal cortex is more active proportional to drug craving

frontal areas are less active less inhibition less planful

Memory- hippocampus lays down memories of this rapid sense of satisfaction and the amygdala creates a conditioned response to certain stimuli

Question 28

How cocaine works on the dopamine reward system in the brain:
what happens even after use has stopped (e.g., in a state of withdrawal) in the brain circuits (think “survival circuitry”)

Answer 28

Survival circuitry becomes less and less sensitive to natural rewards and only responds to drug.
Less cortical activity less planning
As if survival depends on the drug

Question 29

How cocaine works on the dopamine reward system in the brain:
what happens in response to natural rewards after chronic use

Answer 29

Abnormally inactive when it comes to encountering natural rewards and hyperactive to drug

Question 30

How cocaine works on the dopamine reward system in the brain:
what happens to motivational circuits

Answer 30

motivational circuitry is hypoactive when it comes to encountering natural rewards and hyperactive to drugs

Question 31

How cocaine works on the dopamine reward system in the brain:
what happens to the frontal lobe

Answer 31

Long term, frontal areas become less active
cocaine users have lower frontal lobe activity

Question 32

Arguments for and against prescription of opioids

Answer 32

medical use- analgesia (pain relief), severe diarrhea, cough suppressant, maintenance therapy of opioid dependence.
chronic pain from surgery injury or illness
against- highly addictive, activates opioid receptors in brain
has depressant effects and creates strong euphoria
Health risks, respiratory depression, confusion, tolerance, physical dependence. In seniors long term use increases likelihood of falls
drowsiness, constipation, euphoria, nausea, vomiting and slowed breathing
risk of overdose and death

Question 33

The article we read by McCabe et al (2005) found that non-medical prescription of stimulants is more prevalent among particular sub-groups of USlow college students. What are the 6 characteristics of these high-risk subgroups? Offer an opinion as to why any of these subgroups may have the highest rates of prescription stimulant misuse.

Answer 33

perscription stimulants were higher among college students who were male, white, members of fraternities, lower grade point average, located in north eastern region, who attended more selective colleges

Question 34

Considering the pharmacokinetics of cannabis, why might emergency departments commonly report hospital visits due to cannabis intoxication resulting from edibles

Answer 34

ingestion has delayed effects as compared to inhalation, more will be consumed in a shorter amount of time. Complicated dosing and manufacturing inconsistencies. May seem appealing to children.
Difficult to only eat a portion of a cookie