Terms Flashcards
What is tetrahydrocannabinol?
~ THC
The main psychoactive component in cannabis
Traces remain in body for a long time
Long elimination 1/2 life
Activates the cannabinoid receptor
High THC:CBD cannabis sativa
High CBD:THC cannabis indica
Dopamine release
What is cannabidiol?
~CBD
Comes from hemp
Medicinal effects, no high
Effective in tx for epilepsy and anxiety
Pharmacokinetics
~What the body does to the drug
Absorption: route in which the drug enters the body
Drugs that reach the brain quicker are more addictive
Routes of Administration:
Oral
Mucous
Ingestion
Inhalation
Skin
Distribution: Drugs that affect the mood cross the blood/brain/barrier
Therapeutic effect intended
Eliminator: Method and rate in which a substance leaves the body
Drugs are metabolized then excreted through urine, sweat, spit, liver, kidneys, milk, feces
Distribution 1/2 Life: Time for drug to reach 50% of peak
Elimination 1/2 Life: Time for drug to fall to 50% of peak
Pharmacodynamic
~What the drug does to the body
Drug affects the synapses in different ways
*Agonists bind to active sites (protagonist in a story)
*Indirect agonist DOESN’T bind, increases activity
*Antagonist binds to receptors WITHOUT activating
*Inverse agonist binds and causes the opposite of an agonist
Parts of the Brain
1. Reward
- Reward Circuitry (bottom middle)
Nucleus accumbens (left)
Deals with cognitive processing of motivation, pleasure, and reward
Ventral tegmental area (right)
Origin of cell in reward system
Important in orgasm
Parts of the Brain
2. Memory
- Memory circuitry (bottom)
Amygdala (almond shaped)
Processing of memory, decision making, and emotions; conditioning
Hippocampus (long part)
Encodes new episodic memories
Long-term cells are paired
Parts of the Brain
3. Motivation, Drive, Salience
Orbital-Frontal Cortex (front)
Motivation, drive, decisions, compilations
Interprets affective properties
Signals expected rewards/punishments
Parts of the Brain
4. Cognitive Control
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (top)
Cognitive control, inhibition, thinking, delaying gratification
STOP!!!
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter involved in helping us feel pleasure
Part of the reward system of the brain
Involved in reinforcement and can lead to addiction to coke and heroin
Produced in a two step process
Tyrosine»_space;»>converted into L-dopa
L-dopa»»»>enzymes into dopamine
Entactogen
Pharmacodynamics of MDMA (Ecstasy)
“To touch within”
Promotes an open-hearted state
Causes a release in dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Produces experience of oneness
BAC
Blood Alcohol Concentration
20% of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach
80% in the small intestine
Alcohol enters the blood and dissolves in the water of the blood
Goes through the body
Alcohol exerts it’s effects on the body
Factors: body weight, food, water, sex, time, number of drinks
Controlled Substances Act
Nixon combined all drug laws on June 17, 1970
Drugs were placed into 5 groups based on medical use and potential for abuse
Schedule 1:
High potential for harm
No accepted medical use
No rx allowed
Harsh prison sentences
Heroin, LSD, Cannabis, MDMA, psilocybin, Bath salts
Schedule 2:
Potential for harmful use
Accepted medical use
Can be dispensed with a written rx
Cocaine, PCP, Ketamine, Fentanyl, Meth, Codeine, Benzo
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Long term effect of alcohol use
Caused by a B vitamin deficiency
Alcohol interferes with how the body absorbed B
Mental confusion
Memory/learning problems
Speech difficulties
Narcan
For opiate overdose
Naloxone
Nasal spray
Mu opioid receptor antagonist (blocks)
Increases breathing
Reduces itching and constipation
Quick and immediate withdrawal
Developmental Risks/Protective Factors
Individual
Risk- early aggressive bx
Protective- impulse control
Family
Risk- lack of parental supervision
Protective- watch your kids
Peer
Risk- Substance use
Protective- good in school
School
Risk- Drug availability (Pillcrest, MariWando)
Protective- Anti drug policies
Community
Risk- Poverty
Protective- Neighborhood attachment
Prevention Principle #10
Example: Project Star
Effort that involves schools, parents, community, health policies, media
Significant impacts in reducing substance use
Motivational Model
A behavioral theory of addiction
Based in operant conditioning
Behavior results in reinforcement or punishment
Goal of substance is to change mood
Two dimensions:
1. Valence of reinforcement (positive or negative)
2. Source of reinforcement (internal or external)
Valence and Source Table
Valence-positive
Source-Internal
Boosts a good mood
Valence-negative
Source-Internal
Coping
Valence-positive
Source- external
Social friends and parties
Valence-negative
Source-external
Conformity
Brain-disease Model
Posits addiction is a brain disease
More medical
Less likely to involve law
Motivation to increase services within medical facilities
Moved addiction to a public health concern
Types of Prevention
- Universal -designed for gen pop
- Selective-targets specifics at risk groups
- Indicated- folks already using
5 As of Smoking Cessation
- Ask about tobacco use
- Advise to quit
- Assess willingness to make an attempt
- Assist in a quit attempt
- Arrange follow up
Behavioral Theories of Addiction
Incentive Salience- Craving
Stimulus Response- Habits
Inhibitory Control-Inability to stop
Motivational Model- Operant conditioning
Biopsychosocial Model
Biology- genetics
Physical health
Drug effects
Psycho-psychological
Coping skills
Paired stimuli/triggers
Routines habits
Social-
Peers
Family
Cultural norms
Circumstances
Four Intervention Approaches
1.Child-centered:
Delivered to youth
Focuses on intrapersonal context (attitudes, beliefs, incentives)
Builds skills
Self-management, resistance, knowledge
- Family-based:
Delivered to parents
Focuses on family functioning
Child-only sessions, joint parent/child
Family is main source of protection
Parental monitoring
Open communication - Combined Family and Child-Centered
Combines child-centered and family based
Combined life skills
Strengthening families program
Family-based, child centered intervention - Multi component: addresses multiple contexts through child-centered, media, task forces, parent Ed
Pharmacokinetics of Cannabis
- After smoking effects can be felt after 30 mins
- Long elimination 1/2 life
- One dose-weeks
- Agonist
Delayed effects of ingestion
Children
Manufacturing inconsistencies
