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philosophy of scientific discoveries > terms > Flashcards

terms Flashcards

1
Q

abduction

A

inference to any conceptualization or explanation

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2
Q

creative abduction

A

inference to a conceptualization or explanation that is invented ex novo

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3
Q

creativity

A

the ability to come up with ideas and artifacts that are new, surprising and valuable (Margaret boden)

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4
Q

happy thought

A

Whewell’s notion of the unanalyzable element of scientific discovery

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5
Q

H-creativity

A

historical creativity, coming up with a new, surprising and valuable idea that as far as we know no-one has thought of before

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6
Q

inference to the best explanation

A

inference to the likeliest or loveliest explanation

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7
Q

instrumental value

A

the value of something has to achieve a particular end

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8
Q

intrinsic value

A

the value something has ‘in itself’, ‘as such’

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9
Q

overcoded abduction

A

automatic or semi-automatic inference to an obvious conceptualization or explanation

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10
Q

p-creativity

A

psychological creativity, coming up with something that is new to the person that comes up with it

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11
Q

problem of the value of knowledge

A

why knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief.

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12
Q

reliabilism

A

view that knowledge amounts to true blief that results from truth-conductive methods

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13
Q

serendipity

A

unplanned fortunate discovery

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14
Q

truth-conduciveness

A

property of producing more truths than falsehoods

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15
Q

undercoded abduction

A

inference to a conceptualization or explanation that is selected from a set of equiprobable conceptualizations or explanations

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16
Q

conceptual problem

A

question with respect to the nature, core or essence of something

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17
Q

diagnostic reasoning

A

reasoning from symptoms to diagnoses

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18
Q

dramaturgy

A

explains actions individuals perform in everyday life as if they were performers on a stage

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19
Q

epistemic problem

A

question with respect to the kinds, nature, possibility, structure, value, sources, domains or dimensions of knowledge

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20
Q

evaluative problem

A

question with respect to the assessing of value to something

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21
Q

existential problem

A

question with respect to the meaning and purpose of life

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22
Q

fallibilism

A

view that knowledge and progress are possible, despite the fact that all our beliefs remain hypothetical (by doing piecemeal adjustments to the theories around)

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23
Q

foundationlessness

A

epistemic problem that there are no absolutely certain basic beliefs

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24
Q

methodological problem

A

question with respect to maximizing truth-conduciveness in an inquiry

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25
Q

Morelli’s earlobe

A

Morell’s method to identify the characteristic hand of a painter through scrutiny of diagnostic minor details, such as earlobes, rather than identities of composition and subject matter or other broad treatments that are more likely to be seized upon by students, copyists and imitators

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26
Q

ontic problem

A

question with respect to what exists, mind-independently, and/ or in relation to our experiences

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27
Q

overdetermination

A

ontic problem that there are countlessly many ways to conceptualize or explain even a single sensory experience

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28
Q

symptomatology

A

the study and classification of symptoms

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29
Q

theory-ladeness

A

methodological problem that observations are never pure, but always affected to some extent by the presuppositions of the observer

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30
Q

Zadig’s method

A

the making of retrospective predictions common to history, archeology, geography, physical astronomy and paleontology

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31
Q

double truth

A

religion and philosophy, as separate sources of knowledge, might arrive at contradictory truths without detriment to either

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32
Q

epistemic skepticism

A

calling into question the possibility of knowledge

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33
Q

idealism

A

the world depends on the mind

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34
Q

indirect perception

A

we do not perceive the world directly, but through sensations, ideas, impressions, phenomena or sense-data

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35
Q

metaphysical skepticism

A

calling into question the existence of the world

36
Q

naked substratum

A

propertyless residue of a particular

37
Q

neutral monism

A

anti-metaphysical, neutral view of the world as related complexes of sensations

38
Q

paradox of inquiry

A

inquiry is either unnecessary or impossible

39
Q

particular

A

individual object

40
Q

realism

A

there exists a mind-independent, material world

41
Q

sensationalism

A

as perceptual intermediaries, sensations and their patterns form the only data and the only ontology that we can comprehend

42
Q

substance

A

ontologically independent particular

43
Q

theory of Forms

A

what really exists is the world of Forms, containing the non-physical essences of all things, of which objects and matter in the physical world are merely imitations

44
Q

theory of recollection

A

nothing is ever learned, it is simply recalling or remembering the direct acquaintance of our soul with the Forms

45
Q

universal

A

one and the same property over many particulars

46
Q

analytic statement

A

statement of which the negation is self-contradictory

47
Q

context distinction

A

distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification, echoing the traditional distinction between genesis and validity

48
Q

crucial experiment

A

experiment that establishes the truth of one of a set of competing theories once and for all

49
Q

Hume’s fork

A

Hume’s sharp distinction between relations of ideas and matters of fact or analytic statements and synthetic statements

50
Q

phenomenalism

A

propositions about material objects are reducible to propositions about actual and possible sensations, or sense data, or appearances

51
Q

reductionism

A

second dogma of empiricism, according to which each meaningful statement gets its meaning from some logical construction of terms that refer exclusively to immediate experience

52
Q

solipsism

A

view that only oneself or one’s own experiences can be known to exist

53
Q

synthetic statement

A

statement of which the negation is not self-contradictory

54
Q

verification theory of meaning

A

the meaning of a synthetic statement is the procedure one should follow to verify it, to check whether it’s true, if there is no such procedure, the statement is meaningless

55
Q

verificationism

A

a synthetic statement is only meaningful if there is a procedure to verify it, to check whether it is true

56
Q

corroboration

A

track record of hypotheses under critical tests

57
Q

demarcation problem

A

the problem of distinguishing between science and non-science

58
Q

discovery-that

A

the observation of what Is discovered

59
Q

discovery-what

A

the correct conceptualization of what is discovered

60
Q

exemplars

A

paradigmatic examples of the definition of and the solution to problems in a domain

61
Q

falsifiability

A

being able to be contradicted by an empirical test using existing technologies

62
Q

Hume’s problem

A

the problem of explaining how induction can justify hypotheses or theories

63
Q

normal science

A

the gradual accumulation of riddle solving by scientists working within a paradigm

64
Q

paradigm shift

A

a new paradigm replacing an old one as a result of scientific revolution

65
Q

scientific revolution

A

period in which alternatives for foundational and/ or constitutional assumptions of a paradigm are ventured

66
Q

experiments with ligatures

A

Harvey’s experiments to confirm blood circulation by strapping ligatures to show that blood only flows away from the heart in the arteries and only towards the heart in veins

67
Q

incongruity theory

A

humor results from incongruity (Kant) or incongruity-resolution (Schopenhauer)

68
Q

Incongruity

A

cognitive conflict between the initial interpretation of the joke’s body and the punchline

69
Q

incongruity-resolution

A

resolving an incongruity by abducing a new interpretation which can accommodate the punchline

70
Q

forceful systole

A

Harvey’s initial thesis that the active moment in the movement of the heart is its systole or contraction, rather than its diastole or expansion

71
Q

quantitative problem

A

anomaly that the amount of blood that was passed from the venal system into the arterial system was much greater than expected

72
Q

quantitative thought experiment

A

assuming Galen’s view on the production and consumption of blood and extrapolating the amount of blood that was passed from the venal to the arterial system, Harvey concluded that the veins would dry up and the arteries would burst open, unless blood somehow flew back from the extremities of the arterial system to the venal system

73
Q

relief theory

A

humor facilitates the release of superfluous nervous energy

74
Q

superiority theory

A

laughing is laughing at, humor results from suddenly experiencing one’s status to be better than that of the person or persons laughed at

75
Q

venous valves

A

the valves of the veins that take blood back to the heart against the force of gravity, discovered by Harvey’s teacher Fabricius d’Acquapendente, Harvey assumed the venous valves to be efficient

76
Q

acceptance

A

actually believing an idea is true

77
Q

dogmatic falsificationism

A

falsificationism ignoring theory-lateness of observation and the role of auxiliary hypotheses

78
Q

epistemological anarchism

A

there are no methodological rules, the rule is: anything goes

79
Q

hard core

A

propositions that scientists working in a research tradition are reluctant to give up in face of contrary evidence

80
Q

methodological falsificationism

A

fablsificationism recognizing that observations are theory-laden, though typically, the theories involved can be uncritically assumed

81
Q

principle of proliferation

A

inquirers should never fall short in proliferating alternative explanations adding them to the ‘ever-increasing ocean of alternatives’

82
Q

principle of tenacity

A

inquirers shouldn’t easily give up attractive hypotheses in face of contrary evidence

83
Q

protective belt

A

propositions that scientists working in a research programme or research tradition are prepared to adjust in face of contrary evidence

84
Q

pursuit

A

working with ideas without accepting them, developing ideas as far as possible

85
Q

sofisticated falsificationism

A

falsificationism requiring the acceptance of an alternative theory that explains everything the old theory could explain, allows for novel predictions and some of which must have been corroborated.

philosophy of scientific discoveries (1 decks)

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