Terms Flashcards
Propositions
Statements that can be true or false
Non-propositions
Sentences that are not statements about matters of fact (or fiction); Do not make claims that can be true or false
Examples: exhort, command, plead/request, question, perform
Simple Propositions
Have no internal logical structure, meaning whether they are true or false does not depend on whether part of them is true or false. They are simply true or false on their own
Complex Propositions
Have internal logical structure, meaning they are composed of simple propositions. Whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false
Conclusion Indicators
Therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result
Premise indicators
Because, for, given that, in that, as, since, as indicated by
Premise
The claims, evidence, ideas, and so forth intended to support the conclusion
Conclusions
The claim that the whole argument is intended to support or demonstrate or prove
Deduction
arguments where the premises guarantee or necessitate the conclusion
— mathematical arguments, logical arguments, arguments from definition
Induction (Ampliative)
arguments where the premises make the conclusion probable
— analogies, authority, causal inferences, scientific reasoning, extrapolations, etc.
Abduction
Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation
Argument
The premises and the conclusion
Truth
A proposition accurately represents reality/ Propositions are true or false
Validity
In a good deductive argument structure, true premises make the conclusion necessarily true
Soundness
The deductive argument is valid and all premises are true premises
