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Biology Unit 2 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

1
Q

What is binary Fission and what organism does it occur in

A

Binary fission is in prokaryotes and there are 5 steps
1 - there is one DNA molecule
2 - DNA duplicates
3 - Cell doubles in size
4 - DNA is pulled to the poles of the cell
5 - New cell wall and membrane form between the 2 cells

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2
Q

How many Stages are in the cell Cycle

A

Interphase has 4 stages
- G1
-S
-G2
-G0
Mitosis has 5 stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telopase
Cytokenisi

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3
Q

What happens in G1

A

Growth and other metabolic processes

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4
Q

What happens in S

A

DNA is replicates and forms 2 sister chromatids which are joined at the cetriome

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5
Q

What happens in G2

A

synthesis of proteins needed for division and more growth and metabolic processes

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6
Q

What happens in G0

A

Rest Phase

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7
Q

What happens in Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
nuclear membrane dissolves

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8
Q

What happens in Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes attach to spindles and line up along the centre of the cell

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9
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindles contract pulling the sister chromatids to the opposite ends of the cell

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10
Q

Telophase

A

-Cleavage furrow forms
-Chromosomes become less dense
- nuclear membrane form around the 2 sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Cleavage occurs
-The new nuclei seperate

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12
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

-cell wall and membrane pinch in
-cell plate gets deposited between the 2 nuclei
- cell wall, membrane and plate join up and separate

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13
Q

Compare cell type of Binary Fission and Mitosis

A

Mitosis - Eukaryote
Binary Fission - Prokaryote

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14
Q

Compare the speed and complexities of Binary Fission and Mitosis

A

Mitosis - Slower and more complex
Binary Fission - Faster and simpler

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15
Q

What is apoptosis and what are the 2 method

A

programmed cell death
- Intrinsic - Mitochondria
- Extrinsic - Death receptor pathway
Failure of apoptosis results in cancer or tumours

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16
Q

2 types of mutations in apoptosis

A

Proto-oncogenes
- Accelerator and promotes cancer
Tumour suppressor genes
- breaks and inhibits cell division

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17
Q

Mutagens in the Cell cycle

A

Chemical - Tobbaco
Physical - X-rays
Biological - Virus

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18
Q

Names of stem cells, not definitions

A

Multipotent
Totipotent
Pluripotent

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19
Q

Totipotent

A

Embryonic c stem cells
- can form into new individuals

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20
Q

Multipotent

A

Adult stem cells
- form cells with specific functions

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21
Q

Pluripotent

A

Blastocyst
- form any type of cell

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22
Q

Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes - Chromosomes and nucleus
Prokaryotes - Chromosomes and plastids and Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Differences in strands for RNA & DNA

A

DNA double
RNA Single

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24
Q

Difference in sugar for RNA & DNA

A

DNA - Deoxyribose
RNA -Ribose

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25
Bases in RNA &DNA
DNA A - Adenine T - Thymine G - Guanine C - Cytosine RNA A - Adenine U - Uracil G - Guanine C - Cytosine
26
Whats a Nucleotide
3 sections you have a sugar which is either Deoxyribose or just ribose then you have a phosphate group and then on the other side you have your bases
27
What does Mrna code for
Amino Acids
28
Mutations in coding - Changes 1 amino acid
substitution
29
Mutation in coding - all are changed after 1
insertion
30
mutation in coding - stop
substitution and the worst kind of mutation
31
Transcription
Converting DNA -> RNA happens in the nucleus
32
Translation
Converting RNA -> Amino Acids happens in ribosomes
33
Ribosomes
Place of protein synthesis
34
C3 Plants
Most plants - Tomato Fix's carbon in the Calvin cycle and attaches Co2 to RUBP Enzyme - Rubisco Most energy efficient
35
C4 Plants
Topical grasses like corn Fix's carbon in the cytoplasm and attachs Co2 to PEP Enzyme - PEP-ase is halfway between the best energy efficient and best water conservationist
36
CAM Plants
Succulents, pineapple agave Fix's carbon at night only attaches it to organic molecules\ Stomata only open at night and the plant stores Co2 as malic Acid Enzyme - PEP-ase Best water conservationists
37
Photosynthesis chemical formula
6Co2 + 6H2O ------> (Presence of light and Chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 6O2
38
why are plants green
because green light is the only light we see as it is reflected all other light is absorbed by the plant (Red light is the best light)
39
What do plants do with Glucose
- Sucrose - Starch - Cellulose(Cell walls) - Lipids - (Nitrates + Glucose) make Amino acids which make proteins
40
Structure of a Chloroplast
- Outer membrane - Inner Membrane - Stroma (Enzyme rich) - Granum - Thykakoid (Individual platelet)
41
Factors that influence photosynthesis
Co2 - Higher level of Co2 more photosynthesis Water Temperature - Hotter higher rate of photosynthesis light
42
Light-dependent reactions
Step 1 Inputs NADP+ H2O ATP + Pi Outputs NADPH O2 ATP It is a breaking-down reaction and when water is broken down it forms H+ which is bad so it gets carried by NADP+(Unloaded) which becomes NADPH (Loaded) O2 is diffused thru the leaves
43
Light-independent reactions
Step 2 Inputs NADPH Co2 ATP Outputs NADP+ Glucose ATP + Pi
44
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
45
Genotype
Genetic composition of an organism (Gg)
46
Phenotype
The way in which genes are expressed (Green)
47
Incomplete dominance
both traits are partially expressed (Snap dragons red x white = 100% bink blend 1:2:1
48
complete dominance
when there is one trait is dominant and the other is recessive (Aa) 3:1
49
Co-dominance
both traits are fully expressed (CrCr x CwCw = 100% roan) 1:2:1
50
Environmental factors
A factor that influences an organisms characteristics or development
51
Unlinked
genes that are far away on the same chromosome or on a different chromosome
52
Dihybrid cross
2 genes 4 alleles foil method phenotype - 9:3:3:1 Genotype adds to 16
53
Homozygous
2 identical alleles (AA or aa)
54
Heterozygous
2 different alleles (Aa)
55
Recombinant genes
genes that are different to the parents due to recombination to increase genetic variation
56
Crossing over
Where parts of the genes swap resulting in a new combination of alleles during prophase 1
57
Linked genes
- get inherited together - genes that are close together on the same chromosome - red hair and freckles - no independent assortment
58
Independent assortment
Each of the alleles of one gene combines with each of the alleles of another gene in equal probabilities
59
DNA types of parings and Hydrogen bonds
Complementary base pairing A+T 2 hydrogen bonds G+C 3 hydrogen bonds - double-stranded, antiparalell
60
What does it mean for DNA to be universal
all DNA contain the same 4 bases (A,T,G,C)
61
RNA, What is it used for, Strand?. Sugar?,
- Ribonucleic Acid - cells use DNA to make RNA, and RNA to make amino acids - single-stranded - Uracil instead of thyanime - Ribose sugar
62
what does it mean for MRNA to be redundant
means that the same amino acid can be made from different codons
63
Monoploidy
1n (Number of sets of chromosomes
64
Polyploidy
When and organism acquires one or more complete extra sets of chromosomes
65
3N
Triploid
66
4N
Tertaploid
67
Aneuploidy
Addition or loss of one chromosome from a cell 3 copies of a autosome (2n+1) Trisomy Missing one copy (2n-1) Monosomy
68
Test cross
to determine the alleles of an organism by crossing it with a homozygous recessive organism. if all ratios are even its unlinked but if they are different its linked
69
Agglutination
agglutination is the clumping of particles
70
Antibodies and Antigens of Blood
Blood A - Antigen A antibody B Blood B - Antigen B Antibody A Blood AB - Antigen AB no antibodies Blood O - No antigens A & B Antibodies
71
Meiosis in genders
Males - 1 spermatocyte goes thru meiosis and forms 4 spermatids and then turns into 4 functioning sperm cells Females - 1 oocyte goes thru meiosis forms 3 polar bodies and then 1 functioning egg cell
72
Autonomy
Individual freedom. The principle that a person should be free to make their own decisions
73
Gene
Unit of hereditary made up of a unique sequence of DNA - Controls the way an organisms develops, grows and functions
74
Non-disjunction
instead of seperating, 2 indentical chromosomes go into the same cell
75
Anaphase 1 & 2
1 - Spindles contract pulling chromosomes to the opposite poles 2 - spindles retract, and chromatids separate. chromatids become the chromosomes of the daughter cells
76
Sex Chromosomes
Determine the sex of an organism XY - Male XX -Female
77
Prophase 1 & 2
1 Chromosomes condense, the nucleus disappears, spindle forms crossing over and recombination occurs increasing genetic variation 2 New spindles form at right angles to the first
78
Benefiance
Moral Obligation to act for the benefit of others
79
Non-Malfences
an obligation to not inflict harm intentionally especially on terminal ill and seriously injured
80
Telophase 1 & 2
1 Nuclear membrane form, cell separates into 2 cells, spindle breaks down, nuclear envelope from around the nuclei 2 spindle disappear, chromosomes de-condense and new nuclear envelopes from around the nuclei
81
Law of Segregation
half of its gametes contain one membrane of the gene pair and half contain the other
82
Law of independent assortment
chromosomes separate into gametes independently of each other
83
Genome
The whole set of genes in a organism

Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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