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Biology Unit 2 > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is binary Fission and what organism does it occur in

A

Binary fission is in prokaryotes and there are 5 steps
1 - there is one DNA molecule
2 - DNA duplicates
3 - Cell doubles in size
4 - DNA is pulled to the poles of the cell
5 - New cell wall and membrane form between the 2 cells

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2
Q

How many Stages are in the cell Cycle

A

Interphase has 4 stages
- G1
-S
-G2
-G0
Mitosis has 5 stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telopase
Cytokenisi

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3
Q

What happens in G1

A

Growth and other metabolic processes

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4
Q

What happens in S

A

DNA is replicates and forms 2 sister chromatids which are joined at the cetriome

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5
Q

What happens in G2

A

synthesis of proteins needed for division and more growth and metabolic processes

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6
Q

What happens in G0

A

Rest Phase

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7
Q

What happens in Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
nuclear membrane dissolves

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8
Q

What happens in Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes attach to spindles and line up along the centre of the cell

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9
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindles contract pulling the sister chromatids to the opposite ends of the cell

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10
Q

Telophase

A

-Cleavage furrow forms
-Chromosomes become less dense
- nuclear membrane form around the 2 sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Cleavage occurs
-The new nuclei seperate

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12
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

-cell wall and membrane pinch in
-cell plate gets deposited between the 2 nuclei
- cell wall, membrane and plate join up and separate

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13
Q

Compare cell type of Binary Fission and Mitosis

A

Mitosis - Eukaryote
Binary Fission - Prokaryote

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14
Q

Compare the speed and complexities of Binary Fission and Mitosis

A

Mitosis - Slower and more complex
Binary Fission - Faster and simpler

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15
Q

What is apoptosis and what are the 2 method

A

programmed cell death
- Intrinsic - Mitochondria
- Extrinsic - Death receptor pathway
Failure of apoptosis results in cancer or tumours

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16
Q

2 types of mutations in apoptosis

A

Proto-oncogenes
- Accelerator and promotes cancer
Tumour suppressor genes
- breaks and inhibits cell division

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17
Q

Mutagens in the Cell cycle

A

Chemical - Tobbaco
Physical - X-rays
Biological - Virus

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18
Q

Names of stem cells, not definitions

A

Multipotent
Totipotent
Pluripotent

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19
Q

Totipotent

A

Embryonic c stem cells
- can form into new individuals

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20
Q

Multipotent

A

Adult stem cells
- form cells with specific functions

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21
Q

Pluripotent

A

Blastocyst
- form any type of cell

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22
Q

Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes - Chromosomes and nucleus
Prokaryotes - Chromosomes and plastids and Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Differences in strands for RNA & DNA

A

DNA double
RNA Single

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24
Q

Difference in sugar for RNA & DNA

A

DNA - Deoxyribose
RNA -Ribose

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25
Q

Bases in RNA &DNA

A

DNA
A - Adenine
T - Thymine
G - Guanine
C - Cytosine

RNA
A - Adenine
U - Uracil
G - Guanine
C - Cytosine

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26
Q

Whats a Nucleotide

A

3 sections
you have a sugar which is either Deoxyribose or just ribose
then you have a phosphate group
and then on the other side you have your bases

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27
Q

What does Mrna code for

A

Amino Acids

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28
Q

Mutations in coding - Changes 1 amino acid

A

substitution

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29
Q

Mutation in coding - all are changed after 1

A

insertion

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30
Q

mutation in coding - stop

A

substitution and the worst kind of mutation

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31
Q

Transcription

A

Converting DNA -> RNA happens in the nucleus

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32
Q

Translation

A

Converting RNA -> Amino Acids happens in ribosomes

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33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Place of protein synthesis

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34
Q

C3 Plants

A

Most plants - Tomato
Fix’s carbon in the Calvin cycle and attaches Co2 to RUBP
Enzyme - Rubisco
Most energy efficient

35
Q

C4 Plants

A

Topical grasses like corn
Fix’s carbon in the cytoplasm and attachs Co2 to PEP
Enzyme - PEP-ase
is halfway between the best energy efficient and best water conservationist

36
Q

CAM Plants

A

Succulents, pineapple agave
Fix’s carbon at night only attaches it to organic molecules\
Stomata only open at night and the plant stores Co2 as malic Acid
Enzyme - PEP-ase
Best water conservationists

37
Q

Photosynthesis chemical formula

A

6Co2 + 6H2O ——> (Presence of light and Chlorophyll) C6H12O6 + 6O2

38
Q

why are plants green

A

because green light is the only light we see as it is reflected all other light is absorbed by the plant (Red light is the best light)

39
Q

What do plants do with Glucose

A
  • Sucrose
  • Starch
  • Cellulose(Cell walls)
  • Lipids
  • (Nitrates + Glucose) make Amino acids which make proteins
40
Q

Structure of a Chloroplast

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Inner Membrane
  • Stroma (Enzyme rich)
  • Granum
  • Thykakoid (Individual platelet)
41
Q

Factors that influence photosynthesis

A

Co2 - Higher level of Co2 more photosynthesis
Water
Temperature - Hotter higher rate of photosynthesis
light

42
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

Step 1
Inputs
NADP+
H2O
ATP + Pi

Outputs
NADPH
O2
ATP

It is a breaking-down reaction and when water is broken down it forms H+ which is bad so it gets carried by NADP+(Unloaded) which becomes NADPH (Loaded)

O2 is diffused thru the leaves

43
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

Step 2
Inputs
NADPH
Co2
ATP

Outputs
NADP+
Glucose
ATP + Pi

44
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

45
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic composition of an organism (Gg)

46
Q

Phenotype

A

The way in which genes are expressed (Green)

47
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

both traits are partially expressed (Snap dragons red x white = 100% bink blend 1:2:1

48
Q

complete dominance

A

when there is one trait is dominant and the other is recessive (Aa) 3:1

49
Q

Co-dominance

A

both traits are fully expressed (CrCr x CwCw = 100% roan) 1:2:1

50
Q

Environmental factors

A

A factor that influences an organisms characteristics or development

51
Q

Unlinked

A

genes that are far away on the same chromosome or on a different chromosome

52
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

2 genes 4 alleles
foil method
phenotype - 9:3:3:1
Genotype adds to 16

53
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles (AA or aa)

54
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles (Aa)

55
Q

Recombinant genes

A

genes that are different to the parents due to recombination to increase genetic variation

56
Q

Crossing over

A

Where parts of the genes swap resulting in a new combination of alleles during prophase 1

57
Q

Linked genes

A
  • get inherited together
  • genes that are close together on the same chromosome
  • red hair and freckles
  • no independent assortment
58
Q

Independent assortment

A

Each of the alleles of one gene combines with each of the alleles of another gene in equal probabilities

59
Q

DNA types of parings and Hydrogen bonds

A

Complementary base pairing
A+T 2 hydrogen bonds
G+C 3 hydrogen bonds
- double-stranded, antiparalell

60
Q

What does it mean for DNA to be universal

A

all DNA contain the same 4 bases (A,T,G,C)

61
Q

RNA, What is it used for, Strand?. Sugar?,

A
  • Ribonucleic Acid
  • cells use DNA to make RNA, and RNA to make amino acids
  • single-stranded
  • Uracil instead of thyanime
  • Ribose sugar
62
Q

what does it mean for MRNA to be redundant

A

means that the same amino acid can be made from different codons

63
Q

Monoploidy

A

1n (Number of sets of chromosomes

64
Q

Polyploidy

A

When and organism acquires one or more complete extra sets of chromosomes

65
Q

3N

A

Triploid

66
Q

4N

A

Tertaploid

67
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Addition or loss of one chromosome from a cell
3 copies of a autosome (2n+1) Trisomy
Missing one copy (2n-1) Monosomy

68
Q

Test cross

A

to determine the alleles of an organism by crossing it with a homozygous recessive organism. if all ratios are even its unlinked but if they are different its linked

69
Q

Agglutination

A

agglutination is the clumping of particles

70
Q

Antibodies and Antigens of Blood

A

Blood A - Antigen A antibody B
Blood B - Antigen B Antibody A
Blood AB - Antigen AB no antibodies
Blood O - No antigens A & B Antibodies

71
Q

Meiosis in genders

A

Males - 1 spermatocyte goes thru meiosis and forms 4 spermatids and then turns into 4 functioning sperm cells
Females - 1 oocyte goes thru meiosis forms 3 polar bodies and then 1 functioning egg cell

72
Q

Autonomy

A

Individual freedom. The principle that a person should be free to make their own decisions

73
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary made up of a unique sequence of DNA
- Controls the way an organisms develops, grows and functions

74
Q

Non-disjunction

A

instead of seperating, 2 indentical chromosomes go into the same cell

75
Q

Anaphase 1 & 2

A

1 - Spindles contract pulling chromosomes to the opposite poles
2 - spindles retract, and chromatids separate. chromatids become the chromosomes of the daughter cells

76
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Determine the sex of an organism
XY - Male
XX -Female

77
Q

Prophase 1 & 2

A

1 Chromosomes condense, the nucleus disappears, spindle forms crossing over and recombination occurs increasing genetic variation
2 New spindles form at right angles to the first

78
Q

Benefiance

A

Moral Obligation to act for the benefit of others

79
Q

Non-Malfences

A

an obligation to not inflict harm intentionally especially on terminal ill and seriously injured

80
Q

Telophase 1 & 2

A

1 Nuclear membrane form, cell separates into 2 cells, spindle breaks down, nuclear envelope from around the nuclei
2 spindle disappear, chromosomes de-condense and new nuclear envelopes from around the nuclei

81
Q

Law of Segregation

A

half of its gametes contain one membrane of the gene pair and half contain the other

82
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

chromosomes separate into gametes independently of each other

83
Q

Genome

A

The whole set of genes in a organism

Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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