Terms

Question 1

Chemical element:

Answer 1

A fundamental substance containing only one kind of atom

Question 2

Mass number

Answer 2

of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 3

Atomic mass:

Answer 3

Atomic weight, average or relative.
Average: protons and different # of neutrons

Question 4

Radio isotopes:

Answer 4

Give off energy in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation from the nucleus (radioactive decay)

Question 5

Molecule

Answer 5

A stable association of atoms of an element

Question 6

Orbital

Answer 6

Region where an electron is found 90% of the time
Electron shells/energy levels

Question 7

Chemical bond:

Answer 7

• Attractive forces holding atoms together
• Attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules
• A lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that enables the formation of a chemical compound

Question 8

Covalent bonds:

Answer 8

Atoms share electrons. Each atom contributes an electron.

Question 9

Compound bonds:

Answer 9

Pure substance made of two or more different elements bonded together in a fixed ratio.

Question 10

Ionic bonds:

Answer 10

When one atom is much more electronegative than the other a complete transfer of electrons may occur

Question 11

Ion:

Answer 11

Electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Question 12

Hydrogen bonds:

Answer 12

Attraction between the δ⁻ end of one molecule and the δ⁺ end of another molecule

Question 13

Vander Waals forces:

Answer 13

Attraction between nonpolar molecules (compounds) that are close together (brief and weak)

Question 14

Chemical reactions:

Answer 14

The making and breaking of chemical bonds - transforms substances

Question 15

Energy:

Answer 15

The capacity to do work or the capacity for change.

Question 16

Mole:

Answer 16

(unit) a name for a specific amount of substance
Mass of one mole: molecular weight of a compound (one mole) = sum of atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule

Question 17

Cohesion:

Answer 17

Something that sticks to itself (surface tension)

Question 18

Adhesion

Answer 18

Something that sticks to other things (capillary action)

Question 19

Solution:

Answer 19

substance dissolved in liquid (solvent)

Question 20

Homeostasis:

Answer 20

Living organisms maintain constant internal conditions

Question 21

Monomers

Answer 21

Small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures

Question 22

Polymer:

Answer 22

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers) and contain thousands more atoms

Question 23

Functional group:

Answer 23

A specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound

Question 24

Isomer

Answer 24

Molecules with the same chemical formula, but the atoms are arranged differently

Question 25

Condensation:

Answer 25

(dehydration) reactions where energy is used to make covalent bonds between monomers to make a polymer; a water molecule is removed (loss or produce)

Question 26

Hydrolysis

Answer 26

Reaction where polymers are broken down into monomers; energy is released and water is consumed

Question 27

Protein:

Answer 27

A biologically functional macromolecule made from one or more polypeptide chains

Question 28

polypeptide chain:

Answer 28

A single, unbranched polymer built from a set of 20 amino acids

Question 29

amino acids:

Answer 29

Organic molecules (monomers) with carboxyl and amino groups - they function as an acid and a base

Question 30

Oligo peptides or peptides:

Answer 30

Short polymers of 20 or fewer amino acids

Question 31

Primary structure:

Answer 31

A unique sequence of amino acids

Question 32

Secondary structure:

Answer 32

The coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

Question 33

Tertiary structure:

Answer 33

Determined by interactions between R groups rather than interactions between backbone constituents

Question 34

Quaternary structure:

Answer 34

Many proteins have two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

Question 35

Carbohydrates:

Answer 35

Biomolecules with similar atomic composition but differ greatly in size, chemical function, and biological functions.

Question 36

Monosaccharides:

Answer 36

Simple sugars

Question 37

Disaccharides:

Answer 37

Two simple sugars linked covalently

Question 38

Oligo saccharides

Answer 38

3-20 monosaccharides

Question 39

Polysaccharides

Answer 39

Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides, polymers

Question 40

Glycosidic bond

Answer 40

covalent bonds of carbohydrates

Question 41

Osmosis

Answer 41

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

Question 42

Lipids

Answer 42

Defined by their insolubility in water

Question 43

Glycerol

Answer 43

An alcohol with each carbon with a hydroxyl group

Question 44

Fatty acid

Answer 44

Nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a polar carboxyl group

Question 45

Ester linkages

Answer 45

Covalent bonds of fatty acids

Question 46

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 46

No double bonds between carbons - it is saturated with H atoms

Question 47

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 47

One or more double bonds in the carbon chain resulting in kinks that prevent packing

Question 48

Trans fats

Answer 48

H atoms are on opposite sides of the C=C bond, results form hydrogenation of vegetable oils

Question 49

Phospholipids

Answer 49

Fatty acids bound to glycerol; a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid

Question 50

Amphipathic

Answer 50

1 hydrophobic end and 1 hydrophilic end

Question 51

Nucleic acids

Answer 51

Biopolymers or large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. Specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information.

Question 52

Base (DNA)

Answer 52

Two forms of nitrogenous bases: Pyrimidines: cytosine, thiamine, uracil - one ring Purines: adenine, guanine - two rings

Question 53

Phosphate groups

Answer 53

links the 3′ carbon in one sugar to the 5′ carbon in another sugar.

Question 54

Characteristics of RNA

Answer 54

Single-stranded Contains uracil rather than thiamine In RNA the bases are attached to ribose

Question 55

Characteristics of DNA

Answer 55

Two strands running in opposite directions held together by hydrogen bonds Contains thiamine rather than uracil Bases attached to deoxyribose

Question 56

Complimentary base pairing

Answer 56

Purines pair with pyrimidines by hydrogen bonds

Question 57

Genes

Answer 57

Sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA

Question 58

The central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 58

The premise that information flows from DNA to RNA to polypeptides