Terms Flashcards
Life course approach
holistic, multidisciplinary framework for understanding how psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors across a lifetime have a cumulative effect on health outcomes.
Sick role theory
functionalist approach describing how disruption to typical social activity caused by illness is minimized through the sick role, which legitimizes illness as socially acceptable deviance.
Illness experience
symbolic interactionist approach to understanding how people incorporate and make sense of illness as part of their self-identity and daily routines.
Social constructionism
Social reality is created through interpersonal interactions, which result in shared meanings and expected roles/behaviors.
Hidden curriculum
Implied, informal mechanisms by which certain values and behaviors are promoted.
- an algebra teacher who calls mainly on male students is reinforcing a stereotype that boys are better at math than girls
Formal curriculum
Explicit, official content taught through the educational system (eg, algebra, physics, chemistry, etc).
- how to solve algebra equations
Teacher expectancy
When a teacher’s beliefs about a student result in the student meeting those expectations.
Functionalism
A macro-sociological theory comparing society to a biological organism, contends that social institutions have manifest (intended) and latent (unintended) functions.
Material culture
Physical items a group of people create, use, and/or interact with (eg, clothing, technology), whereas symbolic (nonmaterial) aspects of culture (eg, language, values) are intangible
Osteoblast
Responsible for the formation of bone
Osteoclast
Responsible for the breakdown of the bones
Groupthink
The tendency for groups to produce uncreative or ineffective solutions in favor of creating harmony between the group members and avoiding conflict.
Group polarization
Tendency for a group to come up with a solution that is much more extreme than any individual group member would have chosen by themselves.
Serontonin
Heavily involved in regulating emotional states and moods.
Acetylcholine
Involved in voluntary muscle movement.
Epinephrine
Involved in the sympathetic nervous system response
Norepinephrine
Involved in attention and consciousness
Elaboration likelihood model
Concerned with how a message is delivered.
Central route, while takes more effort to process the info, produce lasting change with respect to persuasion.
Peripheral route, cues that are associated with the message but not a part of the message (eg, attractiveness or notoriety of the person delivering the message), require much less effort to process but are also more likely to result in a temporary attitude change.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Refers to the cycle where expectations, especially negative ones, influence the outcome and ultimately lead to the original expectation.
- for students, they worry that they’re going to do poorly on an exam, their negative expectation and worry negatively impact their ability to concentrate and that contributing to their actually doing poorly on the exam.
Fundamental attribution error
Occurs when someone attributes another person’s behavior to a disposition or internal factors rather than external or situational factors.
- Someone cuts you off in traffic, you are more likely to say that they are rude and a bad driver than you are to say that they must be funning late to an important meeting.
Hippocampus
Part of the limbic system and is involved in the formation of memories
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem responsible for respiratory muscle control as well as associated reflexes
- Sneezing, coughing, swallowing and vomiting
Hypothalamus
First component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsible for the hormonal response to stress.
Pons
Plays a role in ventilation but does not initiate the endocrine response to stress. Sets the ventilatory rate via control of the tidal volume.
Incongruence
Gap between the “ideal” self and the real self can cause discomfort, unpleasant feelings, and lead to defensive behaviors.
Base rate fallacy
Incorrectly judging a situation (eg not considering all the information at a researcher’s disposal). Researchers might erroneously ignore base rates in favor of individuating information.
Hindsight bias
Belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t.
Observer bias
Occurs when there is bias on the part of the specific researcher. Could occur because of the researcher’s prior knowledge of the study.
Bias caused the initial conclusion that the drug is effective, despite the results not being replicable.
Glass escalator concept
Direct contrast to the glass ceiling which suggests there is an unofficial barrier to advancement in a profession. Focuses on the fact that men are promoted and advance in their profession much more quickly than their female counterparts, specifically in traditionally female-dominated industries.
Glass ceiling concept
Suggests women are not able to advance in their profession as quickly and regularly as their male counterparts.
Attribution
Process by which individuals explain the cause of behavior and events. Classified as either internal or external.
- Internal: dispositional or personality based explanations
- External: emphasize situational factors
