Terms

Question 1

Life course approach

Answer 1

holistic, multidisciplinary framework for understanding how psychological, biological, and sociocultural factors across a lifetime have a cumulative effect on health outcomes.

Question 2

Sick role theory

Answer 2

functionalist approach describing how disruption to typical social activity caused by illness is minimized through the sick role, which legitimizes illness as socially acceptable deviance.

Question 3

Illness experience

Answer 3

symbolic interactionist approach to understanding how people incorporate and make sense of illness as part of their self-identity and daily routines.

Question 4

Social constructionism

Answer 4

Social reality is created through interpersonal interactions, which result in shared meanings and expected roles/behaviors.

Question 5

Hidden curriculum

Answer 5

Implied, informal mechanisms by which certain values and behaviors are promoted.

• an algebra teacher who calls mainly on male students is reinforcing a stereotype that boys are better at math than girls

Question 6

Formal curriculum

Answer 6

Explicit, official content taught through the educational system (eg, algebra, physics, chemistry, etc).

• how to solve algebra equations

Question 7

Teacher expectancy

Answer 7

When a teacher’s beliefs about a student result in the student meeting those expectations.

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

A macro-sociological theory comparing society to a biological organism, contends that social institutions have manifest (intended) and latent (unintended) functions.

Question 9

Material culture

Answer 9

Physical items a group of people create, use, and/or interact with (eg, clothing, technology), whereas symbolic (nonmaterial) aspects of culture (eg, language, values) are intangible

Question 10

Osteoblast

Answer 10

Responsible for the formation of bone

Question 11

Osteoclast

Answer 11

Responsible for the breakdown of the bones

Question 12

Groupthink

Answer 12

The tendency for groups to produce uncreative or ineffective solutions in favor of creating harmony between the group members and avoiding conflict.

Question 13

Group polarization

Answer 13

Tendency for a group to come up with a solution that is much more extreme than any individual group member would have chosen by themselves.

Question 14

Serontonin

Answer 14

Heavily involved in regulating emotional states and moods.

Question 15

Acetylcholine

Answer 15

Involved in voluntary muscle movement.

Question 16

Epinephrine

Answer 16

Involved in the sympathetic nervous system response

Question 17

Norepinephrine

Answer 17

Involved in attention and consciousness

Question 18

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 18

Concerned with how a message is delivered.
Central route, while takes more effort to process the info, produce lasting change with respect to persuasion.
Peripheral route, cues that are associated with the message but not a part of the message (eg, attractiveness or notoriety of the person delivering the message), require much less effort to process but are also more likely to result in a temporary attitude change.

Question 19

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 19

Refers to the cycle where expectations, especially negative ones, influence the outcome and ultimately lead to the original expectation.

• for students, they worry that they’re going to do poorly on an exam, their negative expectation and worry negatively impact their ability to concentrate and that contributing to their actually doing poorly on the exam.

Question 20

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

Occurs when someone attributes another person’s behavior to a disposition or internal factors rather than external or situational factors.

• Someone cuts you off in traffic, you are more likely to say that they are rude and a bad driver than you are to say that they must be funning late to an important meeting.

Question 21

Hippocampus

Answer 21

Part of the limbic system and is involved in the formation of memories

Question 22

medulla oblongata

Answer 22

Part of the brainstem responsible for respiratory muscle control as well as associated reflexes

• Sneezing, coughing, swallowing and vomiting

Question 23

Hypothalamus

Answer 23

First component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsible for the hormonal response to stress.

Question 24

Pons

Answer 24

Plays a role in ventilation but does not initiate the endocrine response to stress. Sets the ventilatory rate via control of the tidal volume.

Question 25

Incongruence

Answer 25

Gap between the “ideal” self and the real self can cause discomfort, unpleasant feelings, and lead to defensive behaviors.

Question 26

Base rate fallacy

Answer 26

Incorrectly judging a situation (eg not considering all the information at a researcher’s disposal). Researchers might erroneously ignore base rates in favor of individuating information.

Question 27

Hindsight bias

Answer 27

Belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t.

Question 28

Observer bias

Answer 28

Occurs when there is bias on the part of the specific researcher. Could occur because of the researcher’s prior knowledge of the study.

Bias caused the initial conclusion that the drug is effective, despite the results not being replicable.

Question 29

Glass escalator concept

Answer 29

Direct contrast to the glass ceiling which suggests there is an unofficial barrier to advancement in a profession. Focuses on the fact that men are promoted and advance in their profession much more quickly than their female counterparts, specifically in traditionally female-dominated industries.

Question 30

Glass ceiling concept

Answer 30

Suggests women are not able to advance in their profession as quickly and regularly as their male counterparts.

Question 31

Attribution

Answer 31

Process by which individuals explain the cause of behavior and events. Classified as either internal or external.

• Internal: dispositional or personality based explanations
• External: emphasize situational factors